Help:IPA/Ukrainian
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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Ukrainian on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Ukrainian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Ukrainian
This article includes inline links to audio files. If you have trouble playing the files, see Wikipedia Media help.
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Ukrainian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Ukrainian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript ⟨j⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes.
See Ukrainian phonology and Ukrainian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Ukrainian.
| Consonants | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard | Soft | ||||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximations | IPA | Examples | English approximations | ||
| b | бог, крепдеши́н[1] | [bɔɦ] i , [krebdeˈʃɪn] | boot | bj | різьбя́р, бюстга́льтер[2] | [r(j)izjˈbjɑr] i , [bjʊzdˈɦɑljter] i | beauty |
| d | дим, футбо́л[1] | [dɪm] i , [fʊdˈbɔl] i | do | dj | дім, мідь, боротьба́[1] | [d(j)im] i , [midj] i , [borodjˈbɑ] i | deuce (RP) |
| dz | дзе́ркало, плацда́рм,[1] відста́лий[3] | [ˈdzɛrkɐlo] i , [plɐdzˈdɑrm], [widzˈstɑlɪj] i | pads | dzj | ґедзь, дзьоб, віне́ць блищи́ть,[1] людськи́й[3] | [ɡɛdzj] i , [dzjɔb] i , [wiˈnɛdzjblɪˈʃtʃɪtj], [ljʊdzjˈsjkɪj] i | pad's yours |
| dʒ | джміль, лічба́,[1] о́тже[3] | [dʒmilj] i , [l(j)idʒˈbɑ] i , [ˈɔdʒʒe] i | jump, ridge | — | |||
| f | фа́рба | [ˈfɑrbɐ] i | fool | fj | фю́рер[2] | [ˈfjurer] | few |
| ɡ | ґа́нок, рюкза́к[1] | [ˈɡɑnok] i , [rjʊɡˈzɑk] i | good | ɡj | Ґю́нтер[2] | [ˈɡjunter] | Montague |
| ɣ | чахохбі́лі[1] | [tʃɐxoɣˈbil(j)i] | between good and hood | — | |||
| ɦ | газе́та | [ɦɐˈzɛtɐ] i | behind | ɦj | гю́бріс[2] | [ˈɦjubr(j)is] | Donohue |
| — | j | йти, гай, їда́льня | [jtɪ] i , [ɦɑj] i , [jiˈdɑljnjɐ] i | yes | |||
| k | ключ | [kljutʃ] i | scar | kj | кю́рій[2] | [ˈkjur(j)ij] i | skew |
| l | лось | [lɔsj] i | bell | lj | лід, сіль | [l(j)id] i , [s(j)ilj] i | million |
| m | мир | [mɪr] i | moot | mj | тьмя́ний, Мю́нхен[2] | [ˈtjmjɑnɪj] i , [ˈmjunxen] i | music |
| n | не́бо | [ˈnɛbo] i | noon | nj | ні́жний, день | [ˈn(j)iʒnɪj] i , [dɛnj] i | canyon |
| p | пил | [pɪl] i | spare | pj | ма́впячий, пюре́[2] | [ˈmɑu̯pjɐtʃɪj] i , [pjʊˈrɛ] i | spew |
| r | лі́кар | [ˈl(j)ikɐr] i | trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo | rj | рі́чка, буря́к | [ˈr(j)itʃkɐ] i , [bʊˈrjɑk] i | trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo |
| s | суп, лиш себе́[3] | [sup] i , [lɪsseˈbɛ] | soup | sj | сі́но, вісь, милу́єшся[3] | [ˈs(j)ino] i , [wisj] i , [mɪˈlujesjːɐ] | assume (RP) |
| ʃ | шпари́на, ви́ще, ви́рісши[3] | [ʃpɐˈrɪnɐ] i , [ˈwɪʃtʃe] i , [ˈwɪr(j)iʃːɪ] | shop | — | |||
| t | тин | [tɪn] i | star | tj | тінь, мить | [t(j)inj] i , [mɪtj] i | stew (RP) |
| ts | цибу́ля, лиш цe[3] | [tsɪˈbuljɐ] i , [lɪˈtsːɛ] | cats | tsj | ціна́, віне́ць, моро́чся[3] | [ts(j)iˈnɑ] i , [wiˈnɛtsj] i , [moˈrɔtsjsjɐ] | cat's young |
| tʃ | очере́т, ви́ще, багáтшати[3] | [otʃeˈrɛt] i , [ˈwɪʃtʃe] i , [bɐˈɦɑtʃʃɐtɪ] | choose | — | |||
| u̯ | вчи́тель, став[4] | [ˈu̯tʃɪtelj] i , [stɑu̯] | tow | ||||
| v | Афганіста́н[1] | [ɐvɦɐn(j)iˈstɑn] | vine | ||||
| w | вода́[4] | [woˈdɑ] i | between wine and vine | wj | цвях, Вю́рцбурґ[2] [4] | [tsjwjɑx] i , [ˈwjurdzbʊrɡ] | between weak and veal |
| x | ховра́х | [xou̯ˈrɑx] | Bach, loch | xj | Хюрре́м Султа́н[2] | [xjʊˈrːɛmsʊlˈtɑn] | Bach yelled |
| z | зуб, бейсбо́л,[1] лиш за́раз[3] | [zub] i , [bejzˈbɔl] i , [lɪzˈzɑrɐz] | zoo | zj | зі́лля, рі́зьблення, про́сьба,[1] сму́жці[3] | [ˈz(j)iljːɐ] i , [ˈr(j)izjblenjːɐ] i , [ˈprɔzjbɐ] i , [ˈsmuz(j)tsj(ji] | presume (RP) |
| ʒ | жи́то, Ви́шгород,[1] безче́сний[3] | [ˈʒɪto] i , [ˈwɪʒɦorod] i , [beʒˈtʃɛsnɪj] i | measure | — | |||
| Vowels | |||||||
| Stressed | Unstressed | ||||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | ||
| ɑ | гай | [ɦɑj] i | father | ɐ | гарма́та | [ɦɐrˈmɑtɐ] i | hug |
| ɛ | день, є | [dɛnj] i , [jɛ] i | met | e | ефі́рний | [eˈfirnɪj] i | rate |
| i | кіт, і́кла | [kit] i , [ˈiklɐ] | meet | i | біле́т | [biˈlɛt] i | meet |
| ɪ | ми́ша | [ˈmɪʃɐ] i | bit | ɪ | кра́сний[5] | [ˈkrɑsnɪj] i | bit |
| ɔ | по́ле, льон | [ˈpɔle] i , [ljɔn] | off | o | ору́дний | [oˈrudnɪj] i | story |
| u | дух, лють | [dux] i , [ljutj] i | fool | ʊ | туди́ | [tʊˈdɪ] i | put |
| Other symbols | |||||||
| IPA | Explanation | ||||||
| ˈ◌ | stress (placed before the stressed syllable) | ||||||
| ˌ◌ | secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) | ||||||
| ◌ː | gemination (the consonant is pronounced twice as long)[6] | ||||||
| ◌(j) | optional nature of consonant palatalization before /i/ | ||||||
References
[edit ]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Voiceless obstruents /pttjtstsjtʃkxfssjʃ/ are voiced [bddjdzdzjdʒɡɣvzzjʒ] before other voiced obstruents. [ɣ] and [v] only ever occur in this case.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i /bjmjpjwj/ occur in a small number of native words and loanwords before /ɑɛɔu/. /kjfjɡjɦjxj/ may only occur in loanwords in the same environment. Optional palatalization of /bkfɡɦmpwx/ before /i/ is weak and is omitted from this help page.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Before coronal fricatives and affricates /dzdzjdʒssjʃtstsjtʃzzjʒ/, dental plosives /ddjttj/ become equivalent affricates and assimilate their degree of palatalization, while other coronals only assimilate their place of articulation and palatalization; if this results in two identical sounds, the sequence is further simplified to a geminate. In casual speech, prescribed sequences [dztsdzjtsjdʒtʃtʃʃʒʃ] also fully assimilate, e.g. відчини́ти [witʃːɪˈnɪtɪ] i , ви́візши [ˈwɪwiʃːɪ].
- ^ a b c The phoneme /w/ (spelled ⟨в⟩) has variable pronunciation, but is generally labiodental [ʋ]; it is [w] before /ɔ/ or /u/ and is vocalized to [u̯] before a consonant at the beginning of a word, after a vowel before a consonant or after a vowel at the end of a word. For simplicity, we will use ⟨w⟩ for both [ʋ] and [w].
- ^ May also be realized as [e].
- ^ In Ukrainian, geminates are found between vowels: бага́ття [bɐˈɦɑtjːɐ] i 'bonfire', подру́жжя [poˈdruʒːɐ] i 'married couple', обли́ччя [oˈblɪtʃːɐ] i 'face'. Geminates also occur at the beginning of a few words: лля́ний [ˈljːɑnɪj] 'flaxen', forms of the verb ли́ти 'to pour' (ллючи́ [ljːʊˈtʃɪ] i , ллю [ljːu], ллєш [ljːɛʃ], etc.), сса́ти [ˈsːɑtɪ] i 'to suck' and derivatives.[citation needed ]
Bibliography
[edit ]- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3.
- Жовтобрюх, М.А.; Кулик, Б.М. (1965). Курс сучасної української літературної мови. Частина I. (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Радянська школа.