Help:IPA/Korean
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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Korean on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Korean in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Korean
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Korean language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. It is based on the standard dialect of South Korea and may not represent some of the sounds in the North Korean dialect or in other dialects. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Korean phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Korean.
| IPA | Hangul | Example | English approximation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hangul | RR | |||
| b [1] | ᄇ | 이불 | ibul | ball |
| β [2] [3] | ᄒ | 오후 | ohu | roughly like away |
| ç [4] | ᄒ | 힘, 흉내 | him, hyungnae | human |
| ɕ [5] | ᄉ | 시루 | siru | roughly like she |
| ɕ͈[5] | ᄊ ᄉ | 씨, 국수 | ssi, guksu | roughly like sure, tensed |
| d [1] | ᄃ | 민들레 | mindeulle | doll |
| dz [6] | ᄌ | 나중 | najung | beds |
| dʑ [1] | ᄌ [ᄃ이] | 아버지, 해돋이 | abeoji, haedoji | roughly like jeans |
| ɸ [3] | ᄒ [호] [후] | 활, 훗날 | hwal, hunnal | roughly like phew |
| ɡ [1] | ᄀ | 마개 | magae | gall |
| ɣ [2] [7] | ᄒ | 마흔 | maheun | again, but without the tongue touching the roof of the mouth |
| h | ᄒ | 햇잎 | haennip | hall |
| ɦ [2] | ᄒ | 더하기 | deohagi | RP behind |
| j | [ᅭ, ᅲ,ᅣ,ᅧ, ᅨ, ᅤ][8] |
여울 | yeoul | you |
| ʝ [2] [4] | ᄒ | 감히 | gamhi | roughly like you |
| k | ᄀ | 구이 | gui | sky |
| k̚ | ᄀ ᄏ[9] | 바지락 | bajirak | lock |
| k͈ | ᄁ | 꿩, 젓갈 | kkwong, jeotgal | skin, tensed |
| kh | ᄏ [ᄀᄒ] [ᄒᄀ] | 코, 석회, 않기 | ko, seokhoe, angi | cup |
| ɭ | ᄅ [ᄂ][10] | 알, 신라 | al, Silla | hall |
| m | ᄆ [ᄇ][11] | 못, 압력 | mot, amnyeok | mall |
| n | ᄂ [ᄅ, ᄃ, ᄉ, ᄌ][12] |
누리 | nuri | not |
| ŋ | ᄋ [ᄀ][13] | 가랑비, 먹물 | garangbi, meongmul | king |
| p | ᄇ | 바다 | bada | spa |
| p̚ | ᄇ ᄑ [14] | 부삽, 잎 | busap, ip | clip |
| p͈ | ᄈ ᄇ | 뿔, 먹보 | ppul, meokbo | spit, tensed |
| ph | ᄑ [ᄇᄒ] [ᄒᄇ] | 푸서리, 잡학 | puseori, japhak | paint |
| ɾ | ᄅ [ᄅᄋ] | 여드레, 얼음 | yeodeure, eoreum | Scottish great or American atom |
| s h | ᄉ | 수박 | subak | like see, but aspirated (with more breath) |
| s͈ | ᄊ | 쌀, 열쇠 | ssal, yeolsoe | saw, tensed |
| t | ᄃ | 돌 | dol | star |
| t̚ | ᄃ, ᄐ, ᄉ, ᄌ, ᄎ[15] | 곧, 뭍, 옷, 젖, 낯 | got, mut, ot, jeot, nat | let |
| t͈ | ᄄ ᄃ | 떡, 막대 | tteok, makdae | stall, tensed |
| th | ᄐ [ᄃᄒ] [ᄒᄃ] | 구태여, 맞흥정, 닳다 | gutaeyeo, matheungjeong, dalda | tall |
| ts [6] | ᄌ | 측정 | cheukjeong | cats |
| ts͈[6] | ᄍ | 짤림 | jjallim | cats, tensed |
| tsh[6] | ᄎ [ᄌᄒ] [ᄒᄌ] | 참새 | chamsae | let's have |
| tɕ | ᄌ | 자투리 | jaturi | roughly like patch |
| tɕ͈ | ᄍ | 돌쩌귀, 꺽지 | doljjeogwi, kkeokji | roughly like patch, tensed |
| tɕh | ᄎ [ᄃ히] [ᄒᄌ] | 눈초리, 맞히다, 닳지 | nunchori, machida, dalji | roughly like cheek |
| w | [ᅫ, ᅰ][16] | 왜가리, 꿰맴질 | waegari, kkwemaemjil | wall |
| x [7] | ᄒ | 흙 | heuk | Scottish loch |
| IPA | Hangul | Example | English approximation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hangul | RR [18] | |||
| a | ᅡ | 하루 | haru | GA lost |
| aː | 밤 | bam | spa | |
| ʌ | ᅥ | 거울 | geoul | Conservative up |
| əː | 어른 | eoreun | RP herd | |
| ɛ | ᅢ | 개구리 | gaeguri | bet |
| ɛː | 냇물 | naenmul | GA bed | |
| e | ᅦ | 메주 | meju | rate |
| eː | 게장 | gejang | raid | |
| i | ᅴ[19] | 흰색 | huinsaek | peak |
| ᅵ | 피 | pi | ||
| iː | 실타래 | siltarae | bead | |
| o | ᅩ | 오늘 | oneul | sort |
| oː | 모레 | more | sword | |
| ø | ᅬ[16] | 쇠뇌 | soenoe | wait |
| øː | 왼손 | oenson | weighed | |
| u | ᅮ | 우물 | umul | root |
| uː | 둘 | dul | rude | |
| ɯ | ᅳ | 버들 | beodeul | like goose for some speakers |
| ɯː | 그림 | geurim | like cool for some speakers | |
| ɰ i | ᅴ[19] | 민주주의 | minjujuui | like we but unrounded (with relaxed lips) |
| y | ᅱ[16] | 귀엣말 | gwienmal | somewhat like sweet |
| yː | 쉰 | swin | somewhat like swede | |
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| ː | Geminated consonant [20] |
| ˈ | Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) |
| ˌ | Secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) |
| . | Syllable break |
See also
[edit ]Notes
[edit ]- ^ a b c d The plain stops and affricate /pttɕk/ are voiced to [bddʑɡ] respectively between voiced sounds.
- ^ a b c d ᄒ is voiced between voiced sounds.
- ^ a b [ɸ] is the allophone of /h/ before /u/ or /w/.
- ^ a b [ç] is the allophone of /h/ before /i/ or /j/.
- ^ a b [ɕɕ͈] are the allophones of /shs͈/ before /i/ and /j/.
- ^ a b c d [tsts͈tshdz] occur in the North Korean dialect.
- ^ a b [x] is the allophone of /h/ before /ɯ/.
- ^ /j/ cannot be spelled by itself, but by doubling the short line on the vowel which it phonetically precedes.
- ^ ᄀ and ᄏ are [k̚] and RR k at the end of a syllable.
- ^ ᄅ is [ɭ] at the end of a syllable. ᄅᄂ and ᄂᄅ may be [ɭː].
- ^ ᄇ is [m] before /n/ or /m/.
- ^ ᄅ may be [n] at the start of a word. ᄃ, ᄉ, ᄌ are [n] before /n/ or /m/.
- ^ ᄋ is [ŋ] at the end of a syllable. ᄀ is [ŋ] before /n/, /m/, or /ɾ/.
- ^ ᄇ and ᄑ are [p̚] and RR p at the end of a syllable.
- ^ ᄃ, ᄐ, ᄉ, ᄌ, ᄎ are [t̚] and RR t at the end of a syllable.
- ^ a b c /w/ is spelled ᅮ before /ʌ/, /e/, /i/ (the latter combination producing /y/~[ɥi]) and ᅩ before /ɛ/, /a/; ᅬ /ø/ can also be pronounced [we].
- ^ In Standard Korean, vowel length is contrastive, but this has mostly been lost in the spoken language.
- ^ Vowel length is not reflected in the romanization.
- ^ a b When ᅴ is preceded by anything but ᄋ, /ɰi/ is interchangeable with, or completely shifted to /i/.
- ^ Resulting from various sequences of consonants (and their relative transcriptions) in regressive assimilation.
References
[edit ]- Heo, Yong (2013). "An analysis and interpretation of Korean vowel systems". Acta Koreana. 16 (1): 23–43. doi:10.18399/acta.2013161.002.
- Lee, Hyun-bok (1999). "An IPA Illustration of Korean". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. pp. 120–123.
- Lee, Hyun-bok (2002). 음성의 연구와 음성의 표기법 [Phonetic Notation in Phonetic Research: IPA and International Korean Phonetic Alphabet] (PDF). INTERSPEECH-2002.[permanent dead link ]
- Lee, Hyun-bok (2004). In search of a universal phonetic alphabet – theory and application of an organic visible speech (PDF). INTERSPEECH-2004. doi:10.21437/Interspeech.2004-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022年04月19日.
- Shin, J. (2015). "Vowels and Consonants". In Brown, L.; Yeon, J. (eds.). The Handbook of Korean Linguistics. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 21–36.
- Shin, J.; Kiaer, J.; Cha, J. (2012). The Sounds of Korean. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Sohn, Ho-min (2001). The Korean Language. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521369436.