Help:IPA/Manx
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Manx language pronunciations[1] in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See also Manx phonology and Manx spelling to sound correspondences for more details about pronunciation of Manx.
Consonants
[edit ]Manx makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨j⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the [j] sound in yes /jɛs/ . In Manx orthography, slender consonants are often but not always by ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩.
The broad consonants are /p, b, m, f, v, t, d, t̠, d̠, n, (n̠), s, l, l̠, r, k, ɡ, x, ɣ, h/ and slender consonants are /tʃ, dʒ, tj, dj, nj, ʃ, j, lj, rj, kj, ɡj, ç/.
| IPA | Example | English approximation |
|---|---|---|
| p | peccah, tappee, kiap | pig, wrap |
| b | beeal, cabbyl, cab | bake, tub |
| m | mie, famman, cam | man, bomb |
| f | fockle, phadeyr, offishear | fox, if |
| v | va, shirveish | vat, love |
| w | wappin, bwee, queeyl, | win, woman |
| t | ta, thie, puttey, att | North Welsh tŷ, English tie (but dental), Irish-English thing |
| d | doal, dhiane, kiaddey, laad | North Welsh adar, English adder (but dental), Irish-English though |
| t̠ | tendeil | town (alveolar) |
| d̠ | dellal | do (alveolar) |
| n | noo, bannaght, bane | nose, night |
| tj | ruggit, aitt, pooiyt | Tuesday, atune |
| dj | cooid, craid | dune, midia |
| nj | niart, nhee, bainney, thallooin | new, annual |
| ʧ | cheet, atchim, buitch | cheese, church |
| ʤ | jee, bodjal, caage | judge, badger |
| s | soo, assee, baase | soon, pass |
| ʃ | shee, ashoon, baaish | sheet, fish |
| l | loo, lhag, ollan, shooyl | look, ball (but dark) |
| l̠ | vel, troggal | English lean, South Welsh fel |
| lj | leshtal, lhiam, balley, fuill | lute, million |
| r | raa, rheynn, arran, oor | red, borrow (a tap or an approximant ) |
| rj | rhym, erriu, ooir, airh | very (combined with a y sound) |
| j | yeearree, eeast, yiall, ghiall, ghennal | yellow |
| k | cair, keayn, queeyl, peccah, eeck | cart, sick |
| ɡ | goo, aggair, aeg | good, bag |
| kj | kione, kesh, ceau, crackan, creck | cube, accuse |
| gj | gien, gennal, guilley, aggindagh | argue |
| ŋ | er n'ghoaill, lhongey, lhong | sing, bang |
| ŋj | er n'ghialdyn, chingys, king | angular or sing (followed by y) |
| ç | chiangle, y cheeagh, hiauill | hue (pronounced strongly) or German ich |
| x | choodee, hrog, moghey, agh | Scots loch, German Bach or Spanish ojo |
| ɣ | gheid, my ghoo | Spanish amigo, Greek εγώ or Scots loch (but voiced) |
| h | halley, my haagh, cha | hand |
Vowels
[edit ]The Manx vowel system has six short vowels /i e ə a u o/ which contrast in length with seven long vowels /iː eː ɛː əː aː uː oː/. Historical /aː/ sometimes raises to /ɛː/ which contrasts with /eː/, yielding another long vowel. Although the primary distinctive feature is vowel length, the short vowels may also differ in place of articulation.
| Short vowels | Long vowels | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Example | English approximation | IPA | Example | English approximation |
| i | king, pryssoon, corree | sit, ship | iː | eeck, keeill, feeyn | clean |
| e | ellan, geinnagh | bed, men | eː | bea, eayst, eai, fainagh, feme, shey | day, mate (but a monophthong) |
| — | ɛː | baa, baaish, fainey | bear, pair (British-English ) | ||
| ə | balley, cairys, doccar | sofa or butter (British-English ) | əː | keyrrey, eayl, seihll, Jeheiney | bird, fur (British-English ) |
| a | bass, arran, bainney, shayll, arrane | hat, | aː | blah, daah | pat, can (but longer); half, father (but more fronted) |
| u | cur, uinnag, ooilley | put, foot | uː | oor, ooil, flooyr, kiune | food, moon |
| o | orrym, moylley, coirrey, onnane | cot, flock | oː | oe, oyr, foill, cloan, kiaull | bowl or ball (British-English ) |
Notes and references
[edit ]- ^ Lewin, Christopher (2020). Aspects of the historical phonology of Manx (PhD thesis). Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh. doi:10.7488/era/557.
- ^ Lewin, C. Sheean as Screeu: A guide to Manx spelling and pronunciation (Forthcoming). St John's: Culture Vannin. Pages 33-34.