Vilela language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Extinct language of Argentina
| Vilela | |
|---|---|
| Waka | |
| Native to | Argentina |
| Region | eastern Chaco |
| Ethnicity | Vilela (Wakambabelte) |
Native speakers | 2 semispeakers (2007)[1] |
Lule–Vilela
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | vil |
| Glottolog | vile1241 |
| ELP | Vilela |
| Map of the Vilela language | |
| Vilela is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Vilela (Waka, Atalalá, Chulupí~Chunupí)[2] is a moribund language last spoken in the Resistencia area of Argentina and in the eastern Chaco near the Paraguayan border. Dialects were Ocol, Chinipi, Sinipi; only Ocol survives. The people call themselves Wakambabelte (/wɑqhambaβelte/ in Balmori 1967) 'Waka speakers'[3] [4] [5] There were 2 semispeakers as of 2007.
The last Vilela people were absorbed into the surrounding Toba people and Spanish-speaking townsfolk.
Dialects
[edit ]Loukotka (1968) lists the following varieties of Vilela.[6]
- Chunupi - formerly spoken on the confluence of the San Francisco River and Bermejo River in the vicinity of La Encrucijada, Valtolema, Ortega, Esquina Grande and Laguna Colma.
- Pasain - formerly spoken in the vicinity of Macapillo, Argentine Chaco.
- Ocole - formerly spoken between Lacangayá and Laguna Colma.
- Omoampa - formerly spoken from Ortega as far as Miraflores.
- Macomita - once spoken west of the Juramento River, province of Santiago del Estero, Argentina.
- Yecoamita - once spoken northwest of the Teuco River, Formosa province.
- Sinipi - formerly spoken on the Bermejo River in the vicinity of Lacangayá.
Phonology
[edit ]Vilela appears to have the five vowels /a e i o u/ of Spanish and approximately the following consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ɢ |
| voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | q | ʔ |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |
| Fricative | central | f | s | ʃ | x | h |
| lateral | ɬ | |||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||
| Rhotic | r , ɾ | |||||
Notes
[edit ]- ^ Crevels, Mily (2012年01月13日), Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (eds.), "Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking" , The Indigenous Languages of South America, DE GRUYTER, pp. 167–234, doi:10.1515/9783110258035.167, ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3 , retrieved 2025年02月17日
- ^ Not to be confused with Niwaklé, which is also called Chulupí~Chunupí.
- ^ Fabre, Alain (2005). "Vilela". Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos (PDF) (in Spanish).
- ^ Balmori, Clemente Hernando (1967). "Ensayo comparativo lule-vilela: sufijos -p y -t con un breve texto vilela". Estudios de área lingüística indígena. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios lingüísticos. p. 32.
- ^ Golluscio & Zamponi 2019a, p. 47.
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian Languages . Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. pp. 53.
References
[edit ]
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Vilela word list
- Lozano, Elena (1970). Textos Vilelas. La Plata: CEILP.
- Lozano, Elena (1977). Cuentos secretos vilelas: I. La mujer tigre. VICUS Cuadernos. Lingüística, Vol.I: 93-116.
- Golluscio, Lucia A.; Zamponi, Raoul (2019a). "El vilela del siglo XVIII". Indiana. 36: 43–68. doi:10.18441/ind.v36i2.43-68..
- Golluscio, Lucia A.; Zamponi, Raoul (2019b). "El vilela del siglo XVIII". Indiana. 36: A1 – A56. doi:10.18441/ind.v36i2.A1-A56..