Uvular ejective stop
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| Uvular ejective stop | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| qʼ | |||
| IPA number | 111 + 401 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | qʼ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0071 U+02BC | ||
| X-SAMPA | q_> | ||
| |||
A uvular ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨qʼ⟩.
Features
[edit ]Features of a uvular ejective stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is un-voiced, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.
Occurrence
[edit ]A single plain uvular ejective is found in almost all Northeast Caucasian languages, all South Caucasian languages, and some Athabaskan languages, as well as Itelmen, Quechua and Aymara.
Most Salishan languages, Tlingit, as well as Adyghe and Kabardian (Northwest Caucasian languages), demonstrate a two-way contrast between labialised and plain uvular ejectives.
The Akhvakh language appears to have a contrast between lax and tense uvular ejectives: [qʼaː] 'soup, broth' (lax) vs. [qʼːama] 'cock's comb' (tense).
Abkhaz contrasts plain, palatalised and labialised uvular ejectives, written ⟨ҟ, ҟь, ҟə⟩, e.g., аҟаԥшь [aqʼapʃ] 'red', -ҵəҟьа [-t͡ɕwʼqjʼa] 'really, indeed (a verbal suffix)', Аҟәа [aqwʼa] 'Sukhum '. As with Georgian, Abkhaz has no non-ejective uvular stops; the historically present uvular aspirates have merged with their corresponding fricatives, although the aspirates are preserved in Abaza.
A plain uvular ejective is one of the most common consonants in Ubykh, due to its presence in the past tense suffix /-qʼɜ/. But in addition to palatalised, labialised and plain uvular ejectives, Ubykh also possesses a pharyngealised version and a concurrently labialised and pharyngealised version, making a total of five: [qʼɜqʼɜ] 'he said it', [mɨqjʼ] 'small and round', [qwʼɜ] 'to seize', [qʕʼɜqʕʼ] 'to chew', [qwʕʼɜ] 'cavern'.
Examples
[edit ]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza [1] | къапщы /q̇apśə | [qʼapɕə] | 'red' | ||
| Abkhaz | аҟаԥшь /aq̇apš | [aqʼapʃ] | |||
| Adyghe | Hakuchi | къӏэ /q̇e | [qʼa] i | 'hand' | Dialectal. Corresponds to [ʔ] in other dialects. |
| Archi | къам /q̇am | [qʼam] | 'forelock' | ||
| Azeri [citation needed ] | North dialects | qədim | [qʼæˈd̪i̞m] | 'ancient' | |
| Batsbi | ყარ /q̇ar | [qʼar] | 'rain' | ||
| Chechen | къийг /q̇iyg/ڨـییگ | [qʼiːg] | 'crow' | ||
| Dargwa | Mehweb[2] | uq’laha | [uq’ˈlaha] | 'window' | contrasts with /q/, /qw/, and /q’w/ |
| Georgian [3] | ყვავილი /q̇vavili | [ˈqʼvävili] | 'flower' | Unlike the velar ejective, it does not contrast with voiced or voiceless uvular stops; the Old Georgian voiceless uvular stop has merged with the voiceless velar fricative in modern Georgian. Some scholars view this Georgian phoneme as being rather an uvular ejective fricative /χʼ/. | |
| Haida | qqayttas | [qʼajtʼas] | 'basket' | ||
| Itelmen | ӄ'ил'хч | [qʼilˀxt͡ʃ] | 'to depart' | ||
| Klallam | wəq̕ə́q̕ | [wəqʼəqʼ] | 'frog' | contrasts with labialized uvular ejective stop, e.g., sq̕wúŋi(ʔ) [sqwʼuɴi(ʔ)] 'head'. | |
| Kutenai | ʔaq̓am | [ʔaq’am] | 'St. Mary’s or deep dense woods' | ||
| Laz | მყოროფონი /mqoroponi | [mqʼɔrɔˈphɔni] | 'loving' | ||
| Lezgian | кьакьан | [qʼaqʼan] | 'tall', 'high' | contrasts with labialized version, e.g., кьвех [qwʼeχ] 'groin' | |
| Lushootseed | q̓il̕bid | [qʼil̰bid] | 'canoe' | ||
| Mingrelian | ორტყაფუ /orṭq̇apu | [ɔrtʼqʼaphu] | 'belt' | ||
| North Straits Salish | Saanich | KEYOṮEN | [qʼəjat͡ɬʼənˀ] | 'slug, snail' | contrasts with the labialized version, e.g., S₭EḰĆES [sqwʼəqwt͡ʃəs] 'red huckleberry'. |
| Quechua | q'illu | [qʼɛʎʊ] | 'yellow' | ||
| Svan | ჭყინტ /č̣q̇inṭ | [t͡ʃʼqʼintʼ] | 'boy' | ||
| Tahltan | [qʼaχaːdiː] | 'door' | |||
| Tlingit | k̲ʼateil | [qʼʌtheːɬ] i | ‘pitcher’ | ||
See also
[edit ]References
[edit ]- ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344330520_Abaza_A_grammatical_sketch
- ^ Moros, George (2019). "Phonology of Mehweb". In Daniel, Michael; Dobrushina, Nina; Ganenkov, Dmitry (eds.). The Mehweb language: Essays on phonology, morphology and syntax. Languages of the Caucasus. Vol. 1. Berlin: Language Science Press. p. 24. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3402056. hdl:/20.500.12657/23417. ISBN 978-3-96110-208-2.
- ^ Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006). "Standard Georgian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 36 (2): 255–264. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659 . ISSN 1475-3502.