Case variants of IPA letters
With the adoption of letters from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in various national alphabets, letter case forms have been developed. This usually means capital (uppercase) forms were developed, but in the case of the glottal stop ʔ, both uppercase ⟨Ɂ⟩ and lowercase ⟨ɂ⟩ are used.
The adoption of IPA letters has been particularly notable in Sub-Saharan Africa, in languages such as Hausa, Fula, Akan, Gbe languages, Manding languages, and Lingala. The most common are open o ⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩, open e ⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩, and eng ⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩, but several others are found. Kabiyé of northern Togo, for example, has ⟨Ɔ ɔ, Ɛ ɛ, Ɖ ɖ, Ŋ ŋ, Ɣ ɣ, Ʃ ʃ, Ʊ ʊ⟩ (or ⟨Ʋ ʋ⟩), as in this newspaper headline:
- MBƱ AJƐYA KIGBƐNDƱƱ ŊGBƐYƐ KEDIƔZAƔ SƆSƆƆ TƆM SE.
Some of the IPA letters that were adopted into language orthographies have since become obsolete in the IPA itself.
Chart
[edit ]Following are IPA letters and their capital forms. A few of these capitals have lowercase forms that are either a variant of or distinct from the IPA letter.
| IPA | Uppercase | Lowercase |
|---|---|---|
| ɑ | Ɑ | |
| ɒ | Ɒ | |
| ɐ | Ɐ | |
| ɓ | Ɓ, Ƃ | |
| β | Ꞵ | ꞵ (Latin beta) |
| ɔ | Ɔ | |
| ð | Ð | |
| ɖ | Ɖ, Ɗ | |
| ɗ | Ɗ | |
| ə | Ə, Ǝ | |
| ɛ | Ɛ | |
| ɜ | Ɜ[2] | |
| ɡ | Ɡ,[2] G | |
| ɠ | Ɠ | |
| ɣ | Ɣ | |
| ɤ | [3] | |
| ħ | Ħ | |
| ɦ | Ɦ, Ĥ (used in Nawdm) | |
| ɥ | Ɥ | |
| ɨ | Ɨ | |
| ɪ | Ɪ,[4] Ɨ (used in ISO 6438) | |
| ʝ | Ʝ | |
| ɫ | Ɫ | |
| ɬ | Ɬ [5] | |
| ɱ | Ɱ | |
| ɯ | Ɯ | |
| ŋ | Ŋ | |
| ɲ | Ɲ | |
| ɵ | Ɵ | |
| ɽ | Ɽ | |
| ʀ | Ʀ | |
| ʂ | Ʂ [6] | |
| ʃ | Ʃ | |
| ʈ | Ʈ, Ŧ [7] | |
| ʉ | Ʉ | |
| ʊ | Ʊ | |
| ʋ | Ʋ | |
| ʌ | Ʌ | |
| χ | Ꭓ | ꭓ (Latin chi) |
| ʒ | Ʒ, Ʃ (reversed Ʃ)[4] | |
| θ | Θ, Θ [7] | |
| ɸ | Φ | |
| ʔ | Ɂ | ɂ |
| ʕ | | [8] |
Others letters are the graphic equivalent of IPA capitals, but are not identified with the IPA. Examples are ʗ∁ (complement symbol), ɘ∃ (existential quantifier symbol), ɟɈ (the capital of ɉ) or ɟℲ (the capital of ⅎ), ɾꓩ (Lisu letter Fa), ɰꚆ (Cyrillic capital letter Cche), and ʎ⅄ (the capital of λ in Americanist usage).[7] Also, includes obsolete and nonstandard IPA symbols:
| IPA | Uppercase | Lowercase |
|---|---|---|
| ƈ | Ƈ | |
| ꞔ | Ꞔ [6] | |
| ƍ | ∇ | |
| ɩ | Ɩ | |
| ɉ | Ɉ | |
| ƙ | Ƙ | |
| ʞ | Ʞ | |
| λ | | (Latin lambda)[8] |
| ƛ | [8] | |
| ƞ | Ƞ | |
| ω | Ꞷ | ꞷ (Latin omega) |
| ƥ | Ƥ | |
| ψ | Ψ | |
| ɼ | ,[8] Γ | |
| ᴙ | Я | я (Cyrillic ya) |
| σ | Σ | |
| ƭ | Ƭ | |
| ʇ | Ʇ | |
| ɷ | [8] | |
| ᶎ | Ᶎ [6] | |
| ƹ | Ƹ |
References
[edit ]- ^ Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: an edition printed in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cathair na Mart: Evertype, 2014.
- ^ a b Michael Everson, 2012年02月08日, Proposal for the addition of five Latin characters to the UCS, UUG, DK.
- ^ "Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline".
- ^ a b "Presentation of the "African Reference Alphabet" (in 4 images) from the Niamey 1978 meeting". Bisharat!.
- ^ Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012年02月08日, Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt, UUG, DK.
- ^ a b c West, Andrew; Chan, Eiso; Everson, Michael. "Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin" (PDF).
- ^ a b c Pentzlin, Karl (2010年06月28日). "Proposal to encode 10 Latin letters for North American indigenous orthographies" (PDF). pentzlin.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016年03月04日.
- ^ a b c d e Pending in Unicode