Matacoan languages

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Matákoan
Mataguayo
Geographic distribution	Chaco region
Linguistic classification	Mataco–Guaicuru ? Matákoan
Language codes
Glottolog	mata1289

Matacoan (also Mataguayan, Matákoan, Mataguayo, Mataco–Mataguayo, Matacoano, Matacoana) is a language family of northern Argentina, western Paraguay, and southeastern Bolivia.

Matacoan consists of four clusters of languages. The family also has a clear binary split between Wichí-Chorote and Maká-Nivaclé according to Nikulin (2019).^[1] Gordon (2005) in Ethnologue divides Wichí into three separate languages and Chorote into two languages.

Internal classification by Mason (1950):^[2]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Matacoan languages.^[3]

gloss	Choroti	Choropí	Suhín	Sotsiagay	Ashlusláy	Mataco	Vejoz	Nocten	Guisnai	Enimaga	Makká
head	sétek	satík	shutich	shatish	nu-xleték	litek	etek	oːn-sleták	in-hitla
tooth	sá-hue	huetseːute	tsaute	seuté	no-tsoté	no-chete	zoté	oːs-totéʔi	kon-xeti
water	inát	naːʔate	inaat	inaːat	inát	inót	guag	inat	inát	gualé	iwalü
fire	houat	itox	itox	itox	itóx	itóx	itag	ütax	etáx	feit	fat
sun	kilé	nʔkoklái	hankuklai	fünchokʔlaai	fingoklai	xuála	ixuala	ixuala	ixuála	tátla	xunnu
moon	huelä	xuékla	hiuerkla	xiwekla	huela	ihuälä	iguelach	iguelä	ivaʔedla	xuwãl
star	katés	katés	katéss	katís	katäs	katés	ketes	foʔoteki
dog	nóo	nuuːx	niuʔux	niuʔux	níu	sidnóx	signag	esinax	atsüná	nunnax
jaguar	ayä	yaáx	yáox	yáʔox	iyox	haiyüx	yag	eyax	haróx	kometenax
black	lämi	klím	klim	lim	palüx	pelag	peláx	fo

Major reconstructions of Proto-Mataguayo include those by Viegas Barros (2002)^[4] (see the corresponding Spanish article for a list of reconstructions) and Nikulin & Carol (2024).^[5]

The following reconstructions of Proto-Mataguayan animal and plant names are from Nikulin & Carol (2024).^[5]

Abbreviations

• (MN): reflexes only in Maká and Nivaclé, although the reconstructions are still at the Proto-Mataguayan level
• (ChW): reflexes only in Chorote and Wichí, although the reconstructions are still at the Proto-Mataguayan level

Proto-Mataguayan	Gloss	Notes
*ɸátsu(ˀ)χ, *ɸátshu-ts	‘centipede’
*ɸínä(ˀ)χ	‘crab’
*ɸiˀs	‘leech’
*ɸít’i(ʔ) ~ *ɸít’ih	‘dragonfly’
*lǻp’ih ~ *lǻɸ’ih	‘snail’
*(-)ɬaʔ, *(-)ɬá-ts	‘louse’
*ɬeɬ	‘white snail’
*ˀwóså(ˀ)q ~ *ˀwóså(ˀ)k	‘butterfly’
*ʔǻnitih	‘wasp sp.’
*ʔéjaʔ (*-l)	‘mosquito’
*ɸánhaʔ ~ *ɸä́nhaʔ (*-jh)	‘locust’	(MN)
*sålå(ˀ)l, *sålål-its	‘middle-sized cicada’	(MN)
*ɸ(u)nájXV(ˀ)j	‘earthworm, amphisbaenian’	(ChW)
*kóˀl	‘locust’	(ChW)
*wóna(ʔ)	‘bala wasp (Polybia ruficeps ) honey(comb); hat’	(ChW)

Proto-Mataguayan	Gloss	Notes
*pxúse-naˀχ	‘bearded; gilded catfish’
*k’unhate-nhaʔ (*-jh)	‘pacu fish’	(MN)
*sijå(ˀ)χ, *sijåχ-its	‘fish sp.’	(MN)
*(ˀ)wǻnaˀχ, *(ˀ)wǻnha-ts	‘piranha’	(MN)
*ʔutsi(h) (*-l)	‘marbled swamp eel’	(MN)
*ʔatsXa(ʔ), *ʔatsXá-l	‘dorado’	(ChW)

Proto-Mataguayan	Gloss	Notes
*tós (*-its)	‘snake’
*ʔáɬu(ʔ) (*-ts)	‘iguana’
*ʔáɬu-taχ, *ʔáɬu-ta-ts	‘alligator’
*ʔatuˀχ ~ *ʔatúˀχ	‘snake sp.’
*ʔåˀlå	‘South American rattlesnake; caninana’
*ʔåˀlǻ-taχ	‘Argentine boa’
*ɸaxi(ˀ)j ~ *ɸäxi(ˀ)j	‘green ameiva (Ameiva ameiva )’	(MN)
*káˀlah, *káˀla-ts	‘lizard’	(ChW)
*ktáˀnih, *ktáˀni-ts	‘Chaco tortoise’	(ChW)
*s’ǻm (*-its)	‘frog sp.’
*pǻˀjih	‘frog (Leptodactylus sp.)’	(ChW)
*tǻtsna(ˀ)X12 ~ *tǻtsne(ˀ)χ	‘toad’	(ChW)

Proto-Mataguayan	Gloss	Notes
*ɸaʔáj (fruit); *ɸaʔáj-uˀk, *ɸaʔáj-ku-jh (tree)	‘white algarrobo (Prosopis alba )’
*jit’åʔ, *jit’ǻ-l	‘turkey vulture’
*kijápo(ˀ)p ?~ *k’ijápo(ˀ)p	‘common potoo (Nyctibius griseus )’
*k’å ~ *k’ǻ	‘variable antshrike (Thamnophilus caerulescens )’
*k’ék’eh	‘monk parakeet’
*k’ú(t)sta(ˀ)χ, *k’ú(t)sta-ts	‘barn owl (Tyto alba )’
*mijó (*-l)	‘savannah hawk’
*ˀmók (*-its)	‘creamy-bellied thrush (Turdus amaurochalinus )’
*pǻnhajeχ ~ *pånhájeχ ~ *pånhajéχ	‘neotropic cormorant’
*påttséχ	‘jabiru’
*pí(t)staʔ	‘masked gnatcatcher’
*sát’a(ˀ)(t)s	‘parakeet sp.’
*stwúˀn, *stwún-its	‘king vulture’
*tilVχ ~ *tílVχ ~ *tilV́χ	‘white woodpecker’
*túsu(ˀ)(t)s	‘lesser yellowlegs’
*t’isåʔ ~ *t’isǻʔ (*-l)	‘cream-backed woodpecker (Campephilus leucopogon )’
*tsåhǻq (*-its)	‘chajá bird’
*tsijáʔ ?~ *ts’ijáʔ	‘caracara (Milvago sp.)’
*tsiwáɬqoɬ	‘little nightjar (Setopagis parvula )’
*tsoˀm ~ *tsóˀm	‘plush-crested jay (Cyanocorax chrysops )’
*ts’áts’ih, *ts’áts’i-l	‘rufous hornero’
*ˀwǻnXåɬåχ, *ˀwǻnXåɬå-ts	‘rhea’
*xókhajeχ	‘Muscovy duck’
*(ʔa)X13útsa(ˀ)χ, *(ʔa)X13útsha-ts	‘crested caracara’
*ʔáp’a(ˀ)χ ~ *ʔáɸ’a(ˀ)χ	‘jararaca’
*ʔáxaʔ	‘stork’
*ʔéle(ʔ)	‘parrot’
*ʔóɸoʔ (*-ts)	‘picazuro pigeon (Patagioenas picazuro )’
*ʔúlʔåh, *ʔúlʔå-ts	‘dove (Columbina sp.)’
*jinqå-(ju)ˀk, *jinqå-ku-jh (tree); *jinqåˀ-p, *jinqå-p-its (season)	‘white algarrobo (Prosopis alba )’	(MN)
*kómiʔ	‘Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis )’	(MN)
*teχ (*-its)	‘parrot sp.’	(MN)
*på(ˀ)q	‘kind of zorzal (Turdus sp.)’	(ChW)
*qatsíwo(ʔ)	‘limpkin’	(ChW)
*silóʔtåɸV(ʔ) ?~ *siwóʔtåɸe(ʔ)	‘Caatinga puffbird’	(ChW)
*spú(ˀ)p	‘dove’	(ChW)
*stǻɸe(ʔ)	‘Chaco chachalaca’	(ChW)
*wóp’ih ~ *wóɸ’ih ?~ *móp’ih ~ *móɸ’ih	‘snowy egret, great egret’	(ChW)
*wósak’V(ˀ)t	‘red-crested cardinal’	(ChW)

Proto-Mataguayan	Gloss	Notes
*jiˀjåˀX12	‘jaguar’
*kɸá(t)s’i(ʔ)	‘Molina's hog-nosed skunk’
*k’alxó, *k’alxó-ts	‘southern three-banded armadillo’
*ˀlä́jX23VnåX13å	‘Azara's night monkey’
*me(ʔ) ~ *mé(ʔ)	‘otter’
*núʔuh, *núʔu-ts	‘dog’
*ˀnjǻnxteʔ	‘Chacoan mara (cavy), tapeti’
*slǻqha(ˀ)j, *slǻqhaj-its	‘wild cat’
*sˀwúla(ˀ)χ, *sˀwúla-ts	‘anteater’
*tänúk (*-its)	‘feline’ (‘cat’ in the contemporary languages)
*xéjåʔ (*-l)	‘bat’
*ʔámʔåh, *ʔámʔå-ts	‘rat’
*ʔáqåtse(ˀ)χ	‘kind of armadillo’
*ʔáwu(C)tseχ	‘Chacoan peccary; collared peccary’
*ʔuwáɬe(ˀ)χ ?~ *C’uwáɬe(ˀ)χ	‘puma’
*ʔVláʔah, *ʔVláʔa-ts	‘lesser grison’
*ʔåɸínaˀχ, *ʔåɸínha-ts	‘black howler’	(MN)
*him (*-its)	‘coati’	(MN)
*jiʔixåtaχ, *jiʔixåta-ts	‘ocelot’	(MN)
*(ˀ)wawo(h) (*-l)	‘maned wolf’	(MN)
*(ˀ)wq’am ~ *(ˀ)wq’äm	‘white-eared opossum’	(MN)
*ʔåχtinaˀχ, *ʔåχtinha-ts	‘marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus )’	(MN)
*ʔujhVl	‘otter sp.’	(MN)
*níltsa(ˀ)X12, *níltsX13a-ts	‘white-lipped peccary’	(ChW)
*Xmáwoh; *Xmáwo-taχ, *Xmáwo-ta-ts	‘fox’	(ChW)

Proto-Mataguayan	Gloss	Notes
*ɸtsǻna(ˀ)χ	‘Baccharis sp.’
*ɸts-uˀk, collective *ɸis-kat	‘Copernicia alba palm’
*kéɬχa-juˀk, *kéɬχa-jku-jh	‘red quebracho (Schinopsis balansae )’
*khǻt (fruit); *khǻt-uˀk, *khǻt-ku-jh (plant)	‘cactus’
*lä́tseni(ʔ) (fruit); *lä́tsen-uˀk, *lä́tsen-ku-jh (tree)	‘chañar (Geoffroea decorticans )’
*lóta-(ju)ˀk	‘iscayante tree (for making bows)’
*náwa(ˀ)x	‘cactus sp.’
*néwo(ˀ)k	‘wild manioc (Marsdenia castillonii )’
*sát-uˀk, *sát-ku-jh	‘lecherón tree (Sapium haematospermum )’
*sóp’wa(-ta)-juˀk, *sóp’wa(-ta)-jku-jh	‘caspi zapallo (Pisonia zapallo )’
*sténi(ʔ) (fruit); *stén-uˀk (tree)	‘white quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco )’
*tsänúˀk	‘duraznillo (Ruprechtia triflora )’
*tsóɸa (fruit)	‘Maytenus vitis-idaea ’
*tsóɸa-taχ (fruit); *tsóɸa-ta-(ju)ˀk (tree)	‘Lycium americanum ’
*wák’a(ʔ) (fruit); *wák’a-juˀk, *wák’a-jku-jh (tree)	‘guayacán (Libidibia paraguariensis )’
*wátå(ˀ)χ (fruit); *wáth(å-j)uˀk (tree)	‘palo flojo (Albizia inundata or Enterolobium contortisiliquum )’
*wijeʔ	‘cactus (Bromelia serra )’
*wósitseχ (fruit); *wósits-uˀk, *wósits(e)-ku-jh	‘Prosopis nigra ’
*xélå(ˀ)X12 (fruit), *xélå-juˀk (tree)	‘plant sp.’
*xunxátaχ (fruit); *xunxáta-(ju)ˀk (tree)	‘tusca (Acacia aroma )’
*xunxáta-kat (grove)	‘tusca (Acacia aroma )’
*X13óˀk	‘Bulnesia sarmientoi ’
*ʔaX13ǻje(ˀ)χ (fruit); *ʔaX13ǻj-uˀk, *ʔaX13ǻj-ku-jh (tree)	‘mistol (Ziziphus mistol )’
*ʔǻl(V)tse(ˀ)χ, *ʔǻl(V)tse-ts	‘cháguar (Bromelia urbaniana = Deinacanthon urbanianum )’
*ʔǻnhajeχ (bean); *ʔǻnhaj-uˀk (plant); *ʔǻnhaje-ˀp (season)	‘Capparis retusa ’
*ʔåtits ~ *ʔåtíts ~ *ʔåtets ~ *ʔåtéts	‘wild pepper’
*ɸinåk, *ɸinhå-jh	‘tobacco’	(MN)
*låttsiki-juˀk, *låttsiki-ku-jh	‘willow’	(MN)
*samto-ˀk	‘bamboo (Guadua angustifolia )’	(MN)
*tsaqaq ~ *-ä-	‘plant sp.’	(MN)
*(ˀ)wut	‘a bushy leguminous plant’	(MN)
*xoxaw-uˀk ?~ *xoxi-juˀk, *-ku-jh	‘Tabebuia nodosa tree’	(MN)
*ʔåthajeχ (fruit); *ʔåthaj-uˀk, *ʔåthaj-ku-jh (tree) (*-hä-)	‘molle plant’	(MN)
*ʔomhatäk (fruit); *ʔomhatä-(ju)ˀk, *ʔomhatä-ku-jh (tree) (~ *-hä-)	‘queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana )’	(MN)
*ɸálawuˀk	‘strangler vine (Morrenia odorata )’	(ChW)
*ɸílå(ˀ)X12	‘Solanum sp.’	(ChW)
*ktéta(ʔ) ~ *ktä́ta(ʔ) (fruit); *ktéta-(ju)k ~ *ktä́ta-juk (tree)	‘Prosopis elata ’	(ChW)
*kutsá(ˀ)X12 ~ *kutsé(ˀ)χ ?~ *k’utsá(ˀ)X12 ~ *k’utsé(ˀ)χ	‘cháguar (Bromelia hieronymi )’	(ChW)
*stá(ˀ)X (fruit); *stá-ˀq (plant)	‘Stetsonia coryne cactus’	(ChW)
*tsémɬå(ˀ)k ~ *tsä́mɬå(ˀ)k	‘silk floss tree’	(ChW)
*tsu(ˀ)X ?~*ts’u(ˀ)X (fruit); *tsuX-uk ?~ *ts’uX-uk (tree)	‘sachamembrillo (Capparis tweediana )’	(ChW)
*ʔaté(ˀ)k ~ *ʔatä́(ˀ)k	‘cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina ) or vinal (Prosopis ruscifolia )’	(ChW)

• Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Fabre, Alain (2005). "Los Mataguayo". (Online version: http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Mataguayo.pdf)

• Proel: Familia matákoan

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