Help:IPA/Swahili
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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Swahili on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Swahili in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Swahili
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Swahili language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. This reflects Standard Swahili, and dialects may have more or fewer phonemes. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
| Consonants | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
| ɓ | baba [ˈɓɑɓɑ] 'father' | bill |
| ɗ | dola [ˈɗɔlɑ] 'dollar' | delta |
| ð | dhambi [ˈðɑmbi] 'sin, offence'[1] | that |
| ʄ ~ dʒ | maji [ˈmɑʄi~ˈmɑdʒi] 'water' | jab |
| f | fisi [ˈfisi] 'hyena' | focus |
| ɠ | gani [ˈɠɑni] 'what, of which' | gag |
| ɣ | ghali [ˈɣɑli] 'expensive'[1] | Scottish loch but voiced |
| h | uhuru [uˈhuru] 'freedom' | ahead |
| j | yeye [ˈjɛjɛ] 'he/she' | yellow |
| k | kitabu [kiˈtɑbu] 'book' | scald |
| l | lakini [lɑˈkini] 'but'[2] | lack |
| m | damu [ˈɗɑmu] 'blood' | mocha |
| m̩ | mtoto [m̩ˈtɔtɔ] 'child' | rhythm |
| mb | mbali [ˈmbɑli] 'far' | clamber |
| ɱv | mvinyo [ˈɱviɲɔ] 'spirits' | Humvee |
| n | nini [ˈnini] 'what' | ninny |
| n̩ | nchi [ˈn̩tʃi] 'country' | even (syllabic nasal) |
| nd | muhindi [muˈhindi] 'corn, maize' | handy |
| ŋɡ | ngoma [ˈŋɡɔmɑ] 'drum' | finger |
| ndʒ | injili [iˈndʒili] 'gospel' | range |
| nz | kwanza [ˈkwɑnzɑ] 'to begin' | pansy |
| ɲ | nyoka [ˈɲɔkɑ] 'snake' | canyon |
| ŋ | ng'ombe [ˈŋɔmbɛ] 'cow, ox' | sing |
| p | kikapu [kiˈkɑpu] 'basket' | spill |
| r | rafiki [rɑˈfiki] 'friend'[2] | N. Am. and Australian atom |
| s | sisi [ˈsisi] 'we' | stole |
| ʃ | shamba [ˈʃɑmbɑ] 'farm, field' | shell |
| t | moto [ˈmɔtɔ] 'fire' | stand |
| tʃ | chumba [ˈtʃumbɑ] 'room' | chase |
| θ | thelathini [θɛlɑˈθini] 'thirty'[1] | think |
| v | vitabu [viˈtɑbu] 'books' | vittle |
| w | watu [ˈwɑtu] 'people' | with |
| x | subulkheri [suɓulˈxɛri] 'good morning'[1] | Scottish loch |
| z | maziwa [mɑˈziwɑ] 'milk' | zoo |
| Vowels | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
| ɑ | baba [ˈɓɑɓɑ] 'father' | father |
| ɛ | ndege [ˈndɛɠɛ] 'bird' | let |
| i | Kiswahili [kiswɑˈhili] 'Swahili (language)' | meat |
| ɔ | mtoto [m̩ˈtɔtɔ] 'child' | off |
| u | uhuru [uˈhuɾu] 'freedom' | fool |
| ː | kondoo [kɔˈndɔː] 'sheep' | vowel length |
| Suprasegmentals | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Examples | Explanation |
| ˈ | safari [sɑˈfɑri] 'journey' | stress [3] |
Notes
[edit ]- ^ a b c d Only found in loanwords.
- ^ a b Swahili /r/ is either a short trill [r] or more commonly a flap [ɾ ] in many areas. The distinction between /l/ and /r/ is a recent one, and many speakers have only a single sound, often an alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
- ^ Stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable of a word.
Bibliography
[edit ]- Contini-Morava, Ellen (1997), "Swahili phonology", in Kaye, Allen (ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa, vol. 1, Eisenbrauns, pp. 841–860
- Mohammed, Mohammed Abdullah (2001), Modern Swahili Grammar, Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers Ltd., ISBN 9966-46-761-0