- ๐ฌ๐ง Copper
- ๐บ๐ฆ ะัะดั
- ๐จ๐ณ ้
- ๐ณ๐ฑ Koper
- ๐ซ๐ท Cuivre
- ๐ฉ๐ช Kupfer
- ๐ฎ๐ฑ ื ืืืฉืช
- ๐ฎ๐น Rame
- ๐ฏ๐ต ้
- ๐ต๐น Cobre
- ๐ช๐ธ Cobre
- ๐ธ๐ช Koppar
- ๐ท๐บ ะะตะดั
- Name: copper
- Symbol: Cu
- Atomic number: 29
- Relative atomic mass (Ar): 63.546 (3) r [see note r]
- Standard state: solid at 298 K
- Appearance: copper, metallic
- Classification: Metallic
- Group in periodic table: 11
- Group name: Coinage metal
- Period in periodic table: 4
- Block in periodic table: d
- Shell structure: 2.8.18.1
- CAS Registry: 7440-50-8
Copper atoms have 29 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.1. The ground state electronic configuration of neutral copper is [Ar].3d10.4s1 and the term symbol of copper is 2S1/2.
Copper: description
Copper appears in the periodic table at the top of Group 11 above silver and gold. Collectively these are sometimes referred to as the coinage metals, although in modern times these metals are used less frequently than in the past.
Copper is one of the most important metals. Copper is reddish with a bright metallic lustre. It is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity). Its alloys, brass and bronze, are very important. Monel and gun metals also contain copper. Apparently the reason that policemen in the USA are nicknamed "cops" or "coppers" is to do with their uniforms which used to have copper buttons.
Copper metal is not particularly reactive and indeed is found as the free metal ("native") on occasion. Copper sulfate is [Cu(SO4)(OH2)4].H2O in the crystalline state; it is particularly well known and was often called blue vitriol. The oxidation number in most copper compounds is Cu(II), old name cupric, but there are many important Cu(I) compounds (cuprous) as well.
copper foil
Copper foil.
Copper (I) chloride salts imparts a blue colour to flames. The picture above shows the colour arising from adding cuprous chloride (CuCl) to a burning mixture of potassium chlorate and sucrose. This flame is relatively cool. Hotter flames burn green bacause of emission from copper atoms (only to be demonstrated by a professionally qualified chemist).
Copper: physical properties
- Density of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Density of solid: 8920 kg m-3
- Molar volume of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Molar volume: 7.11 cm3
- Thermal conductivity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Thermal conductivity: 400 W m‑1 K‑1
Copper: heat properties
- Melting point on a miniature periodic table spark table Melting point: 1357.77 [1084.62 °C (1984.32 °F)] K
- Boiling point on a miniature periodic table spark table Boiling point: 3200 [2927 °C (5301 °F)] K
- Enthalpy of fusion on a miniature periodic table spark table Enthalpy of fusion: 20.5 kJ mol-1
Copper: atom sizes
- Atomic radius (empirical) of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Atomic radius (empirical): 135 pm
- Covalent (single bond) radius on a periodic table spark table Molecular single bond covalent radius: 112 (coordination number 2) ppm
- van der Waals radius on a periodic table spark table van der Waals radius: 238 ppm
Copper: electronegativities
- Pauling electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Pauling electronegativity: 1.90 (Pauling units)
- Allred-Rochow electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark tableAllred Rochow electronegativity: 1.75 (Pauling units)
- Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark tableMulliken-Jaffe electronegativity: 1.49 (s orbital)
Copper: orbital properties
- First ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table First ionisation energy: 745.48 kJ mol‑1
- Second ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Second ionisation energy: 1957.92 kJ mol‑1
- Third ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Third ionisation energy: 3554.6 kJ mol‑1
Copper: abundances
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in the universe on a miniature periodic table spark tableUniverse: 60 ppb by weight
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in the earth's crust on a miniature periodic table spark tableCrustal rocks: 68000 ppb by weight
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in humans on a miniature periodic table spark tableHuman: 1000 ppb by weight
Copper: crystal structure
Copper: biological data
- Human abundance by weight of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Human abundance by weight: 1000 ppb by weight
Copper is essential for all life, but only in small quantities. It is the key component of redox enzymes and of haemocyanin.
Copper: uses
Copper: reactions
Reactions of copper as the element with air, water, halogens, acids, and bases where known.
Copper: binary compounds
Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of copper where known.
Copper: compound properties
Bond strengths; lattice energies of copper halides, hydrides, oxides (where known); and reduction potentials where known.
Copper: history
Copper was discovered by known since ancient times in unknown at not known. Origin of name: from the Latin word "cuprum" meaning the island of "Cyprus".Copper: isotopes
Both isotopes of Copper, Cu-63 and Cu-65, are used to study copper metabolism and gastrointestinal diseases. Cu-63 is used for production of medical radioisotope Zn-62 and can also be used for the production of Cu-64 which is used in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cu-65 has also been proposed as a precursor for the (cyclotron) production of Cu-64.
Copper: isolation
Isolation: copper metal is readily available commercially so it is not normally necesary to make it in the laboratory. Most copper production is based upon sulphide ores containing little copper but quite a lot of iron. New cleaner technologies are now important but older processes present major environmental problems. Complex procedures are used initially to form a form of copper sulphide appropriate for final reduction via a copper(I) oxide. The resulting crude copper is purified using an electrolytic procedure involving plating onto pure copper cathodes.
2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2
2Cu2O + Cu2S → 6Cu + SO2
Notably, the purification step leaves an "anode slime" which contains useful amounts of silver and gold.