- 🇬🇧 Scandium
- 🇺🇦 Скандій
- 🇨🇳 鈧
- 🇳🇱 Scandium
- 🇫🇷 Scandium
- 🇩🇪 Scandium
- 🇮🇱 סקנדיום
- 🇮🇹 Scandio
- 🇯🇵 スカンジウム
- 🇵🇹 Escândio
- 🇪🇸 Escandio
- 🇸🇪 Skandium
- 🇷🇺 Скандий
- Name: scandium
- Symbol: Sc
- Atomic number: 21
- Relative atomic mass (Ar): 44.955908 (5)
- Standard state: solid at 298 K
- Appearance: silvery white
- Classification: Metallic
- Group in periodic table: 3
- Group name: (none)
- Period in periodic table: 4
- Block in periodic table: d
- Shell structure: 2.8.9.2
- CAS Registry: 7440-20-2
Scandium atoms have 21 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.9.2. The ground state electronic configuration of neutral scandium is [Ar].3d1.4s2 and the term symbol of scandium is 2D3/2.
Scandium: description
Scandium is a silvery-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. It is relatively soft, and resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminium or titanium. Scandium reacts rapidly with many acids.
Scandium is apparently a much more abundant element in the sun and certain stars than on earth.
calcium
Image adapted with permission from Prof James Marshall Prof James Marshall's (U. North Texas, USA) Walking Tour of the elements CD.
Scandium: physical properties
- Density of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Density of solid: 2985 kg m-3
- Molar volume of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Molar volume: 15.00 cm3
- Thermal conductivity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Thermal conductivity: 16 W m‑1 K‑1
Scandium: heat properties
- Melting point on a miniature periodic table spark table Melting point: 1814 [1541 °C (2806 °F)] K
- Boiling point on a miniature periodic table spark table Boiling point: 3103 [2830 °C (5126 °F)] K
- Enthalpy of fusion on a miniature periodic table spark table Enthalpy of fusion: 20.5 kJ mol-1
Scandium: atom sizes
- Atomic radius (empirical) of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Atomic radius (empirical): 160 pm
- Covalent (single bond) radius on a periodic table spark table Molecular single bond covalent radius: 148 (coordination number 3) ppm
- van der Waals radius on a periodic table spark table van der Waals radius: 258 ppm
Scandium: electronegativities
- Pauling electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Pauling electronegativity: 1.36 (Pauling units)
- Allred-Rochow electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark tableAllred Rochow electronegativity: 1.20 (Pauling units)
- Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark tableMulliken-Jaffe electronegativity: (no data)
Scandium: orbital properties
- First ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table First ionisation energy: 633.09 kJ mol‑1
- Second ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Second ionisation energy: 1234.99 kJ mol‑1
- Third ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Third ionisation energy: 2388.67 kJ mol‑1
Scandium: abundances
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in the universe on a miniature periodic table spark tableUniverse: 30 ppb by weight
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in the earth's crust on a miniature periodic table spark tableCrustal rocks: 26000 ppb by weight
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in humans on a miniature periodic table spark tableHuman: (no data) ppb by weight
Scandium: crystal structure
Scandium: biological data
- Human abundance by weight of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Human abundance by weight: (no data) ppb by weight
Scandium has no biological role.
Scandium: uses
Scandium: reactions
Reactions of scandium as the element with air, water, halogens, acids, and bases where known.
Scandium: binary compounds
Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of scandium where known.
Scandium: compound properties
Bond strengths; lattice energies of scandium halides, hydrides, oxides (where known); and reduction potentials where known.
Scandium: history
Scandium was discovered by Lars Fredrik Nilson in 1879 at Sweden. Origin of name: from the Latin word "Scandia" meaning "Scandinavia".Scandium: isotopes
Scandium: isolation
Isolation: preparation of metallic samples of scandium is not normally necessary given that it is commercially avaialable. In practice littel scandium is produced. The mineral thortveitite contains 35-40% Sc2O3 is used to produce scandium metal but another important source is as a byproduct from uranium ore processing, even though these only contain 0.02% Sc2O3.