- 🇬🇧 Vanadium
- 🇺🇦 Ванадій
- 🇨🇳 釩
- 🇳🇱 Vanadium
- 🇫🇷 Vanadium
- 🇩🇪 Vanadium
- 🇮🇱 ונדיום
- 🇮🇹 Vanadio
- 🇯🇵 バナジウム
- 🇵🇹 Vanádio
- 🇪🇸 Vanadio
- 🇸🇪 Vanadin
- 🇷🇺 Ванадий
- Name: vanadium
- Symbol: V
- Atomic number: 23
- Relative atomic mass (Ar): 50.9415 (1)
- Standard state: solid at 298 K
- Appearance: silvery grey metallic
- Classification: Metallic
- Group in periodic table: 5
- Group name: (none)
- Period in periodic table: 4
- Block in periodic table: d
- Shell structure: 2.8.11.2
- CAS Registry: 7440-62-2
Vanadium atoms have 23 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.11.2. The ground state electronic configuration of neutral vanadium is [Ar].3d3.4s2 and the term symbol of vanadium is 4F3/2.
Vanadium: description
Pure vanadium is a greyish silvery metal, and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and salt waters. The metal oxidizes readily above 660°C to form V2O5. Industrially, most vanadium produced is used as an additive to improve steels.
vanadium foil sheet
Vanadium foil.
Vanadium: physical properties
- Density of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Density of solid: 6110 kg m-3
- Molar volume of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Molar volume: 8.32 cm3
- Thermal conductivity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Thermal conductivity: 30.7 W m‑1 K‑1
Vanadium: heat properties
- Melting point on a miniature periodic table spark table Melting point: 2183 [1910 °C (3470 °F)] K
- Boiling point on a miniature periodic table spark table Boiling point: 3680 [3407 °C (6165 °F)] K
- Enthalpy of fusion on a miniature periodic table spark table Enthalpy of fusion: 20.5 kJ mol-1
Vanadium: atom sizes
- Atomic radius (empirical) of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Atomic radius (empirical): 135 pm
- Covalent (single bond) radius on a periodic table spark table Molecular single bond covalent radius: 134 (coordination number 5) ppm
- van der Waals radius on a periodic table spark table van der Waals radius: 242 ppm
Vanadium: electronegativities
- Pauling electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Pauling electronegativity: 1.63 (Pauling units)
- Allred-Rochow electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark tableAllred Rochow electronegativity: 1.45 (Pauling units)
- Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark tableMulliken-Jaffe electronegativity: (no data)
Vanadium: orbital properties
- First ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table First ionisation energy: 650.91 kJ mol‑1
- Second ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Second ionisation energy: 1412.0 kJ mol‑1
- Third ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Third ionisation energy: 2828.09 kJ mol‑1
Vanadium: abundances
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in the universe on a miniature periodic table spark tableUniverse: 1000 ppb by weight
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in the earth's crust on a miniature periodic table spark tableCrustal rocks: 190000 ppb by weight
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in humans on a miniature periodic table spark tableHuman: 30 ppb by weight
Vanadium: crystal structure
Vanadium: biological data
- Human abundance by weight of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Human abundance by weight: 30 ppb by weight
Vanadium is essential to sea squirts (ascidians). The concentration of vanadium in sea squirts is a million times higher than in sea water as a consequence of their ability to concentrate vanadium.
Vanadium is a necessary part of the diet of rats and chicks, but only is very small amounts. Deficiencies cause reduced growth and impair reproduction.
Vanadium: uses
Vanadium: reactions
Reactions of vanadium as the element with air, water, halogens, acids, and bases where known.
Vanadium: binary compounds
Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of vanadium where known.
Vanadium: compound properties
Bond strengths; lattice energies of vanadium halides, hydrides, oxides (where known); and reduction potentials where known.
Vanadium: history
Vanadium was discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio and Nils Sefström in 1801 at Mexico and Sweden. Origin of name: named after "Vanadis", the goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology.Vanadium: isotopes
Vanadium has two isotopes and one of them, V-50, has a very low natural abundance (0.25%). V-50 is occasionally used for research purposes. V-51 is used in diabetes and metabolism studies.
Vanadium: isolation
Isolation: vanadium is available commercially and production of a sample in the laboratory is not normally required. Commercially, routes leading to matallic vanadium as main product are not usually required as enough is produced as byproduct in other processes.
In industry, heating of vanadium ore or residues from other processes with salt, NaCl, or sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, at about 850°C gives sodium vanadate, NaVO3. This is dissolved in water and acidified to give a red solid which in turn is melted to form a crude form of vanadium pentoxide, "V2O5". Reduction of vanadium pentoxide with calcium, Ca, gives pure vanadium. An alternative suitable for small scales is the reduction of vanadium pentachloride, VCl5, with hydrogen, H2, or magnesium, Mg. Many other methodsare also in use.
Industrially, most vanadium is used as an additive to improve steels. Rather than proceed via pure vanadium metal it is often sufficient to react the crude of vanadium pentoxide, "V2O5", with crude iron. This produces ferrovanadium suitable for further work.