- 🇬🇧 Polonium
- 🇺🇦 Полоній
- 🇨🇳 釙
- 🇳🇱 Polonium
- 🇫🇷 Polonium
- 🇩🇪 Polonium
- 🇮🇱 פולוניום
- 🇮🇹 Polonio
- 🇯🇵 ポロニウム
- 🇵🇹 Polônio
- 🇪🇸 Polonio
- 🇸🇪 Polonium
- 🇷🇺 Полоний
- Name: polonium
- Symbol: Po
- Atomic number: 84
- Relative atomic mass (Ar): [ 209 ] (longest lived isotope)
- Standard state: solid at 298 K
- Appearance: silvery
- Classification: Metallic
- Group in periodic table: 16
- Group name: Chalcogen
- Period in periodic table: 6
- Block in periodic table: p
- Shell structure: 2.8.18.32.18.6
- CAS Registry: 7440年08月6日
Polonium atoms have 84 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.32.18.6. The ground state electronic configuration of neutral polonium is [Xe].4f14.5d10.6s2.6p4 and the term symbol of polonium is 3P2.
Polonium: description
Polonium has more isotopes than any other element, all of which are radioactive. Polonium dissolves readily in dilute acids, but is only slightly soluble in alkalis.
Weight for weight it is about 2.5 x 1011 times as toxic as hydrocyanic acid (HCN). Polonium has been found in tobacco as a contaminant and in uranium ores.
polonium
Image adapted with permission from Prof James Marshall's (U. North Texas, USA) Walking Tour of the elements CD.
Polonium: physical properties
- Density of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Density of solid: 9196 kg m-3
- Molar volume of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Molar volume: 22.97 cm3
- Thermal conductivity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Thermal conductivity: 20 (estimate) W m‑1 K‑1
Polonium: heat properties
- Melting point on a miniature periodic table spark table Melting point: 527 [254 °C (489 °F)] K
- Boiling point on a miniature periodic table spark table Boiling point: 1235 [962 °C (1764 °F)] K
- Enthalpy of fusion on a miniature periodic table spark table Enthalpy of fusion: 20.5 kJ mol-1
Polonium: atom sizes
- Atomic radius (empirical) of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Atomic radius (empirical): 190 pm
- Covalent (single bond) radius on a periodic table spark table Molecular single bond covalent radius: 145 (coordination number 2) ppm
- van der Waals radius on a periodic table spark table van der Waals radius: 293 ppm
Polonium: electronegativities
- Pauling electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Pauling electronegativity: 2.0 (Pauling units)
- Allred-Rochow electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark tableAllred Rochow electronegativity: 1.76 (Pauling units)
- Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark tableMulliken-Jaffe electronegativity: 2.48 (16.7% s orbital)
Polonium: orbital properties
- First ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table First ionisation energy: 811.8 kJ mol‑1
- Second ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Second ionisation energy: 1860 kJ mol‑1
- Third ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Third ionisation energy: 2630 kJ mol‑1
Polonium: abundances
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in the universe on a miniature periodic table spark tableUniverse: (no data) ppb by weight
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in the earth's crust on a miniature periodic table spark tableCrustal rocks: (no data) ppb by weight
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in humans on a miniature periodic table spark tableHuman: (no data) ppb by weight
Polonium: crystal structure
Polonium: biological data
- Human abundance by weight of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Human abundance by weight: (no data) ppb by weight
Polonium has no biological role.
Polonium: uses
Polonium: reactions
Reactions of polonium as the element with air, water, halogens, acids, and bases where known.
Polonium: binary compounds
Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of polonium where known.
Polonium: compound properties
Bond strengths; lattice energies of polonium halides, hydrides, oxides (where known); and reduction potentials where known.
Polonium: history
Polonium was discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 at France. Origin of name: named after "Poland" (birthplace of Marie Curie).Polonium: isotopes
Polonium: isolation
Isolation: polonium is radioactive and excessivley rare in nature. It is made in very small qunatities through a nuclear reaction of bismuth. Neutron irradiation of 209bismuth (atomic number 83) gives 210polonium (atomic number 84).
209Bi + 1n → 210Po + e-
Metallic polonium can be fractionally distilled from the bismuth or electrodeposited onto a metal surface such as silver.