- ๐ฌ๐ง Bismuth
- ๐บ๐ฆ ะััะผัั
- ๐จ๐ณ ้
- ๐ณ๐ฑ Bismut
- ๐ซ๐ท Bismuth
- ๐ฉ๐ช Bismut
- ๐ฎ๐ฑ ืืืกืืืช
- ๐ฎ๐น Bismuto
- ๐ฏ๐ต ใในใใน
- ๐ต๐น Bismuto
- ๐ช๐ธ Bismuto
- ๐ธ๐ช Vismut
- ๐ท๐บ ะะธัะผัั
- Name: bismuth
- Symbol: Bi
- Atomic number: 83
- Relative atomic mass (Ar): 208.98040 (1)
- Standard state: solid at 298 K
- Appearance: lustrous reddish white
- Classification: Metallic
- Group in periodic table: 15
- Group name: Pnictogen
- Period in periodic table: 6
- Block in periodic table: p
- Shell structure: 2.8.18.32.18.5
- CAS Registry: 7440-69-9
Bismuth atoms have 83 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.32.18.5. The ground state electronic configuration of neutral bismuth is [Xe].4f14.5d10.6s2.6p3 and the term symbol of bismuth is 4S3/2.
Bismuth: description
Bismuth is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (that is, the greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field).
bismuth
Science and Ink cartoon for bismuth
Cartoon by Nick D Kim ([Science and Ink], used by permission).
Bismuth: physical properties
- Density of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Density of solid: 9780 kg m-3
- Molar volume of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Molar volume: 21.31 cm3
- Thermal conductivity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Thermal conductivity: 8 W m‑1 K‑1
Bismuth: heat properties
- Melting point on a miniature periodic table spark table Melting point: 544.4 [271.3 °C (520.3 °F)] K
- Boiling point on a miniature periodic table spark table Boiling point: 1837 [1564 °C (2847 °F)] K
- Enthalpy of fusion on a miniature periodic table spark table Enthalpy of fusion: 20.5 kJ mol-1
Bismuth: atom sizes
- Atomic radius (empirical) of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Atomic radius (empirical): 160 pm
- Covalent (single bond) radius on a periodic table spark table Molecular single bond covalent radius: 151 (coordination number 3) ppm
- van der Waals radius on a periodic table spark table van der Waals radius: [ 280 ] ppm
Bismuth: electronegativities
- Pauling electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Pauling electronegativity: 2.02 (Pauling units)
- Allred-Rochow electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark tableAllred Rochow electronegativity: 1.67 (Pauling units)
- Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark tableMulliken-Jaffe electronegativity: 2.15 (20% s orbital)
Bismuth: orbital properties
- First ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table First ionisation energy: 702.95 kJ mol‑1
- Second ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Second ionisation energy: 1611.6 kJ mol‑1
- Third ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Third ionisation energy: 2466.5 kJ mol‑1
Bismuth: abundances
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in the universe on a miniature periodic table spark tableUniverse: 0.7 ppb by weight
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in the earth's crust on a miniature periodic table spark tableCrustal rocks: 25 ppb by weight
- Chemical elements abundance by weight in humans on a miniature periodic table spark tableHuman: (no data) ppb by weight
Bismuth: crystal structure
Bismuth: biological data
- Human abundance by weight of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table Human abundance by weight: (no data) ppb by weight
Bismuth has no biological role. However it has been used for some time as a medicine (tripotassium dicitratobismuthate) for treatment of stomach upsets. In combination with antibiotics it is now used for treatment of some stomach ulcers. It is also to be found in haemorrhoid creams such as Anusol cream and Hemocaneas as bismuth oxide and in Anusol ointment as bismuth subgallate.
Bismuth: uses
Bismuth: reactions
Reactions of bismuth as the element with air, water, halogens, acids, and bases where known.
Bismuth: binary compounds
Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of bismuth where known.
Bismuth: compound properties
Bond strengths; lattice energies of bismuth halides, hydrides, oxides (where known); and reduction potentials where known.
Bismuth: history
Bismuth was discovered by known since ancient times in unknown at not known. Origin of name: from the German word "bisemutum".Bismuth: isotopes
Bismuth: isolation
Isolation: it is not normally necessary to make bismuth in the laboratory as it is available commercially. Bismuth is found in nature largely as bismite (Bi2O3), bismuthinite (Bi2S3), and bismutite [(BiO)2CO3]. However it is generally made as a byproduct of copper, lead,tin, silver, gold, and zinc plants. The final step involves a reduction of the oxide by charcoal.