Obokuitai language
| Obokuitai | |
|---|---|
| Aliki | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Obogoi village in East Central Mambermano District, Mamberamo Raya Regency, Papua |
Native speakers | (120 cited 2000)[1] |
Lakes Plain
| |
| Latin? | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | afz |
| Glottolog | obok1239 |
| ELP | Obokuitai |
Obokuitai (Obogwitai) is a Lakes Plain language of Papua, Indonesia. It is named after Obogoi village in East Central Mambermano District, Mamberamo Raya Regency.[2]
Obokuitai, Sikaritai, and Eritai constitute a dialect cluster.
Phonology
[edit ]The following discussion is based on Jenison & Jenison (1991).[3]
Unusual phonological features of Obokuitai and other Lakes Plain languages are the complete lack of nasals, even allophones, and a series of extra high or fricativized vowels that developed from loss of a following stop consonant.[4] Obokuitai has one of the smallest phonemic inventories in the world, equal to the Pirahã and Rotokas languages at 11 phonemes.
Consonants
[edit ]| Labial | Coronal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | b | t d | k |
| Fricative | s | h |
The small consonant inventory is typical of Lakes Plain languages.
Obokuitai does have some more sounds as allophones. The voiced velar stop, [g], occurs syllable initial following a syllable final /k/. For example, /dikka/ -> [digga], 'husband of wife's sister'.
The voiced alveolar tap or flap, [ɾ], occurs between vowels in the syllable initial position and also as the second member of a consonant cluster in the syllable initial position. For example, /bɛda/ -> [bɛɾa], 'kind of sweet potato'.[5]
Vowels
[edit ]Obokuitai has five vowels.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Mid | ɛ | o |
| Low | a | |
Tone
[edit ]Like the other Lakes Plain languages, Obokuitai is tonal. L, H, and HL pitch contours occur on monosyllabic words. A phonological analysis of the tone system remains to be completed. However, the probable phonemic aspect of the tone is shown through the minimal triad kuik1 'rock', kuik2 'insect' (sp.) and kuik12 'lizard' (sp.).[6]
Pronouns
[edit ]Possessive pronouns in Obokuitai are:[7]
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | i ba | èdo |
| 2 | do | deo |
| 3 | o | |
Verbs
[edit ]Obokuitai has three verbal prefixes, which are:[7] : 538
- ha-: reciprocal
- ke-: causative
- be-: applicative
Some examples of verbs with the prefixes, as compared to the verb roots without them:[7] : 538
didde
run
→
ke-didde
send
didde → ke-didde
run {} send
kúdde
talk
→
be-kúdde
talk to someone
kúdde → be-kúdde
talk {} {talk to someone}
tokoidde
throw
→
be-tokoidde
throw directly at something
tokoidde → be-tokoidde
throw {} {throw directly at something}
kdidde
pull
→
be-kdidde
pinch and pull back a bowstring with tautness
kdidde → be-kdidde
pull {} {pinch and pull back a bowstring with tautness}
tdaid
cut with a machete
→
be-tdaid
poke, stab, inject
tdaid → be-tdaid
{cut with a machete} {} {poke, stab, inject}
There are two aspectual verbal suffixes:[7] : 538
- -kua: imperfective
- -di ~ -ei ~ Ø: perfective
These also have "background" forms, used with what Foley refers to as "backgrounded collateral clauses".[7] : 538
- -hoíd: imperfective
- -hi: perfective
Particles
[edit ]Final particles in Obokuitai:[7] : 538–539
- ke: exclamatory
- ia: certainty
- te ~ toi: imperative
- bi: yes-no interrogative
- se: information interrogative
- beid: negative
References
[edit ]- ^ Obokuitai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Indonesia languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
- ^ Jenison, Scott; Jenison, Priscilla (1991). "Obokuitai phonology". Workpapers in Indonesian languages and cultures. 9: 69–90.
- ^ Clouse, Duane (1997). "Toward a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya". Papers in Papuan Linguistics. 2: 133–236.
- ^ Jenison, Scott; Jenison, Priscilla (1991). "Obokuitai phonology". Workpapers in Indonesian languages and cultures. 9: 69–90.
- ^ UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2009), The Representation of Tone, Larry M. Hyman, University of California, Berkeley. Available online at http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/documents/2009/Hyman_Representation_PLAR.pdf.
- ^ a b c d e f Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.