Modulus and characteristic of convexity

In mathematics, the modulus of convexity and the characteristic of convexity are measures of "how convex" the unit ball in a Banach space is. In some sense, the modulus of convexity has the same relationship to the ε-δ definition of uniform convexity as the modulus of continuity does to the ε-δ definition of continuity.

The modulus of convexity of a Banach space (X, ||⋅||) is the function δ : [0, 2] → [0, 1] defined by

${\displaystyle \delta (\varepsilon )=\inf \left\{1-\left\|{\frac {x+y}{2}}\right\|,円:,円x,y\in S,\|x-y\|\geq \varepsilon \right\},}${\displaystyle \delta (\varepsilon )=\inf \left\{1-\left\|{\frac {x+y}{2}}\right\|,円:,円x,y\in S,\|x-y\|\geq \varepsilon \right\},}

where S denotes the unit sphere of (X, || ||). In the definition of δ(ε), one can as well take the infimum over all vectors x, y in X such that ǁxǁ, ǁyǁ ≤ 1 and ǁx − yǁ ≥ ε.^[1]

The characteristic of convexity of the space (X, || ||) is the number ε₀ defined by

${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}=\sup\{\varepsilon ,円:,円\delta (\varepsilon )=0\}.}${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}=\sup\{\varepsilon ,円:,円\delta (\varepsilon )=0\}.}

These notions are implicit in the general study of uniform convexity by J. A. Clarkson (Clarkson (1936); this is the same paper containing the statements of Clarkson's inequalities). The term "modulus of convexity" appears to be due to M. M. Day.^[2]

• The modulus of convexity, δ(ε), is a non-decreasing function of ε, and the quotient δ(ε) / ε is also non-decreasing on (0, 2].^[3] The modulus of convexity need not itself be a convex function of ε.^[4] However, the modulus of convexity is equivalent to a convex function in the following sense:^[5] there exists a convex function δ₁(ε) such that

${\displaystyle \delta (\varepsilon /2)\leq \delta _{1}(\varepsilon )\leq \delta (\varepsilon ),\quad \varepsilon \in [0,2].}${\displaystyle \delta (\varepsilon /2)\leq \delta _{1}(\varepsilon )\leq \delta (\varepsilon ),\quad \varepsilon \in [0,2].}

• The normed space (X, ǁ ⋅ ǁ) is uniformly convex if and only if its characteristic of convexity ε₀ is equal to 0, i.e., if and only if δ(ε) > 0 for every ε > 0.
• The Banach space (X, ǁ ⋅ ǁ) is a strictly convex space (i.e., the boundary of the unit ball B contains no line segments) if and only if δ(2) = 1, i.e., if only antipodal points (of the form x and y = −x) of the unit sphere can have distance equal to 2.
• When X is uniformly convex, it admits an equivalent norm with power type modulus of convexity.^[6] Namely, there exists q ≥ 2 and a constant c > 0 such that

${\displaystyle \delta (\varepsilon )\geq c,円\varepsilon ^{q},\quad \varepsilon \in [0,2].}${\displaystyle \delta (\varepsilon )\geq c,円\varepsilon ^{q},\quad \varepsilon \in [0,2].}

The modulus of convexity is known for the L^P spaces.^[7] If ${\displaystyle 1<p\leq 2}${\displaystyle 1<p\leq 2}, then it satisfies the following implicit equation:

${\displaystyle \left(1-\delta _{p}(\varepsilon )+{\frac {\varepsilon }{2}}\right)^{p}+\left(1-\delta _{p}(\varepsilon )-{\frac {\varepsilon }{2}}\right)^{p}=2.}${\displaystyle \left(1-\delta _{p}(\varepsilon )+{\frac {\varepsilon }{2}}\right)^{p}+\left(1-\delta _{p}(\varepsilon )-{\frac {\varepsilon }{2}}\right)^{p}=2.}

Knowing that ${\displaystyle \delta _{p}(\varepsilon +)=0,}${\displaystyle \delta _{p}(\varepsilon +)=0,} one can suppose that ${\displaystyle \delta _{p}(\varepsilon )=a_{0}\varepsilon +a_{1}\varepsilon ^{2}+\cdots }${\displaystyle \delta _{p}(\varepsilon )=a_{0}\varepsilon +a_{1}\varepsilon ^{2}+\cdots }. Substituting this into the above, and expanding the left-hand-side as a Taylor series around ${\displaystyle \varepsilon =0}${\displaystyle \varepsilon =0}, one can calculate the ${\displaystyle a_{i}}${\displaystyle a_{i}} coefficients:

${\displaystyle \delta _{p}(\varepsilon )={\frac {p-1}{8}}\varepsilon ^{2}+{\frac {1}{384}}(3-10p+9p^{2}-2p^{3})\varepsilon ^{4}+\cdots .}${\displaystyle \delta _{p}(\varepsilon )={\frac {p-1}{8}}\varepsilon ^{2}+{\frac {1}{384}}(3-10p+9p^{2}-2p^{3})\varepsilon ^{4}+\cdots .}

For ${\displaystyle 2<p<\infty }${\displaystyle 2<p<\infty }, one has the explicit expression

${\displaystyle \delta _{p}(\varepsilon )=1-\left(1-\left({\frac {\varepsilon }{2}}\right)^{p}\right)^{\frac {1}{p}}.}${\displaystyle \delta _{p}(\varepsilon )=1-\left(1-\left({\frac {\varepsilon }{2}}\right)^{p}\right)^{\frac {1}{p}}.}

Therefore, ${\displaystyle \delta _{p}(\varepsilon )={\frac {1}{p2^{p}}}\varepsilon ^{p}+\cdots }${\displaystyle \delta _{p}(\varepsilon )={\frac {1}{p2^{p}}}\varepsilon ^{p}+\cdots }.

• Uniformly smooth space

• Beauzamy, Bernard (1985) [1982]. Introduction to Banach Spaces and their Geometry (Second revised ed.). North-Holland. ISBN 0-444-86416-4. MR 0889253.
• Clarkson, James (1936), "Uniformly convex spaces", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 40 (3), American Mathematical Society: 396–414, doi:10.2307/1989630 , JSTOR 1989630
• Fuster, Enrique Llorens. Some moduli and constants related to metric fixed point theory. Handbook of metric fixed point theory, 133–175, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, 2001. MR 1904276
• Lindenstrauss, Joram and Benyamini, Yoav. Geometric nonlinear functional analysis Colloquium publications, 48. American Mathematical Society.
• Lindenstrauss, Joram; Tzafriri, Lior (1979), Classical Banach spaces. II. Function spaces, Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete [Results in Mathematics and Related Areas], vol. 97, Berlin-New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. x+243, ISBN 3-540-08888-1 .
• Vitali D. Milman. Geometric theory of Banach spaces II. Geometry of the unit sphere. Uspechi Mat. Nauk, vol. 26, no. 6, 73–149, 1971; Russian Math. Surveys, v. 26 6, 80–159.

• Banach spaces
• Convex analysis