(Reference) Monetary Policy under Quantitative and Qualitative Monetary Easing Introduced in 2013
In April 2013, the Bank of Japan introduced quantitative and qualitative monetary easing (QQE). With this, it decided to change the main operating target for money market operations from the uncollateralized overnight call rate to the monetary base, and to substantially increase the monetary base and the amounts outstanding of Japanese government bonds (JGBs) as well as exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
- Introduction of QQE [PDF 154KB] (April 4, 2013)
- Expansion of QQE [PDF 65KB] (October 31, 2014)
- Introduction of Supplementary Measures for QQE [PDF 32KB] (December 18, 2015)
In January 2016, The Bank introduced QQE with a negative interest rate and decided to apply a negative interest rate of minus 0.1 percent to a part of current account balances held by financial institutions at the Bank.
- Introduction of QQE with a Negative Interest Rate [PDF 30KB] (January 29, 2016)
- Enhancement of Monetary Easing [PDF 67KB] (July 29, 2016)
In September 2016, based on Comprehensive Assessment [PDF 812KB] ,the Bank introduced QQE with yield curve control (YCC), and decided, for example, to control short-term and long-term interest rates through market operations.
- Introduction of QQE with YCC [PDF 44KB] (September 21, 2016)
- Strengthening the Framework for Continuous Powerful Monetary Easing [PDF 92KB] (July 31, 2018)
- Responses to the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)
- Enhancement of Monetary Easing in Light of the Impact of the Outbreak of COVID-19 [PDF 31KB] (March 16, 2020)
- Enhancement of Monetary Easing [PDF 34KB] (April 27, 2020)
- Introduction of a New Fund-Provisioning Measure to Support Financing Mainly of Small and Medium-Sized Firms [PDF 200KB] (May 22, 2020)
- Further Effective and Sustainable Monetary Easing [PDF 360KB] (March 19, 2021)
- Modification of the Conduct of YCC [PDF 203KB] (December 20, 2022)
- Conducting YCC with Greater Flexibility [PDF 455KB] (July 28, 2023)
- Further Increasing the Flexibility in the Conduct of YCC [PDF 452KB] (October 31, 2023)
In March 2024, the Bank judged that the price stability target of 2 percent being achieved in a sustainable and stable manner was now within sight. On this basis, the Bank considered the policy framework of QQE with YCC and the negative interest rate policy to have fulfilled their roles, and therefore decided to change the monetary policy framework to one in which it guides the short-term interest rate as a primary policy tool.
- Changes in the Monetary Policy Framework [PDF 464KB] (March 19, 2024)
(Reference) Releases regarding Policy Effects
- Quantitative and Qualitative Monetary Easing: Assessment of Its Effects in the Two Years since Its Introduction (May 1, 2015)
- Comprehensive Assessment: Developments in Economic Activity and Prices as well as Policy Effects since the Introduction of Quantitative and Qualitative Monetary Easing [PDF 812KB] (September 21, 2016)
- Assessment for Further Effective and Sustainable Monetary Easing [PDF 4,374KB] (March 19, 2021)