Terêna language
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:Língua terena]]; see its history for attribution. - You may also add the template
{{Translated|pt|Língua terena}}to the talk page. - For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
| Terêna | |
|---|---|
| Etelena | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Mato Grosso do Sul |
| Ethnicity | Terena people |
Native speakers | 16,000 (2006)[1] |
Arawakan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | ter |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:ter – Terenagqn – Kinikinao & Guaná caj – Chané |
| Glottolog | tere1279 |
| ELP | Terena |
| Guana (Brazil) [2] | |
Terêna or Etelena is spoken by 15,000 Brazilians. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.[3] Many Terena people have low Portuguese proficiency. It is spoken in Mato Grosso do Sul. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.[citation needed ]
Terêna has an active–stative syntax[4] and verb-object-subject as default word order.[5]
Varieties
[edit ]Terêna had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, Guaná, and Chané. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.[6] Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.[7] Only Terena proper is still spoken.
Language contact
[edit ]Terena originated in the Northwestern Chaco.[8] As a result, many Northern Guaicuruan loanwords can be found in Terena.[9]
There are also many Tupi-Guarani loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.[10]
Phonology
[edit ]Consonants
[edit ]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | (tʃ ) | k | ʔ |
| prenasal | mb | nd | ŋɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | h | ||
| prenasal | nz | nʒ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ ) | |||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral | l | (ʎ ) | ||||
| Approximant | w ~ v | j | ||||
/w, ʃ, n, l/ may often be heard as [v, tʃ, ɲ, ʎ].[11]
Vowels
[edit ]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĩ iː | (ɨ ) | u ũ uː |
| Mid | e ẽ eː | o õ oː | |
| ɛ ɛː | ɔ ɔː | ||
| Low | a ã aː |
[ɨ] is heard as an allophone of /i/.[12]
See also
[edit ]References
[edit ]- ^ Terena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Kinikinao & Guaná at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Chané at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Guana (Brazil).
- ^ Butler, Nancy Evelyn; Ekdahl, Elizabeth Muriel (1979). Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1 (in Portuguese). Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- ^ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
- ^ Rosa, Andréa (2010). Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák) (PDF). pp. 71–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024年05月13日. Retrieved 2024年05月26日.
- ^ Aikhenvald 1999
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando (2016年03月10日). "Terena, Chané, Guaná and Kinikinau are one and the same language:: setting the record straight on southern Arawak linguistic diversity". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas (in Portuguese). 16 (1): 39–57. doi:10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646165. ISSN 2177-7160.
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2020. Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco. Anthropological Linguistics.
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2018. "Arawakan-Guaicuruan Language Contact in The South American Chaco Archived 2023年06月13日 at the Wayback Machine." International Journal of American Linguistics 84, no. 2 (April 2018): 243-263. doi:10.1086/696198
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. Tupi-Guarani Loanwords in Southern Arawak: Taking Contact Etymologies Seriously Archived 2023年06月13日 at the Wayback Machine .
- ^ Silva, Denise (2013). Estudo Lexicografico da Lingua Terena. Araraquara: Universidade estadual paulista julio de mesquita filho.
- ^ Nascimento, Gardênia (2012). Aspectos Gramaticais da Língua Terena. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
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