Kanamarí language
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| Kanamarí | |
|---|---|
| Katukina-Kanamari | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Amazonas |
| Ethnicity | 3,340 (2006–2008)[1] |
Native speakers | 1,300 (2006)[1] |
Harákmbut–Katukinan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:knm – Kanamarikav – Katukina |
| Glottolog | kana1291 |
| ELP | Dyapá |
Kanamarí, or Katukina-Kanamari, is a Katukinan language spoken by about 650 individuals in Amazonas, Brazil. It is considered endangered.
The two principal varieties, Kanamari (Canamarí) and Katukina (Catuquina), are mutually intelligible, and have both been confused with neighboring languages with the same or similar names.[2]
Synonyms and dialect names include Tshom-djapa, Tsohon-djapa, Wiri-dyapá, Pidá-dyapá, Kutiá-dyapá (Kadiu-diapa, Cutiadapa), Tucun-diapa, Bendiapa, Parawa.
Etymology
[edit ]The term Katukina is derived from the Proto-Purus term *ka-tukanɨ, meaning 'speaker of an indigenous language'.[3] As a result, it is used to refer to a few different unrelated languages belonging to separate language families, including Panoan and Arawakan:
- Katukina (Arawakan)
- Katukína (Panoan)
- Catuquinarú (unclassified)
Phonology
[edit ]Consonants
[edit ]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
| Fricative | h | ||||
| Approximant | l | ||||
An alveolar lateral consonant /l/ may be realized as a retroflex lateral [ɭ]. A velar nasal [ŋ] sound is often heard when following after nasal vowels. A glottal stop [ʔ] can be heard before word-initial vowels. A word-final /k/ may also sound unreleased [k̚].
Vowels
[edit ]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | ||
| High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |
| Low | a aː | ||
/i/ and /u/ may be realized as approximant sounds [j] and [w], when preceding another vowel.[4]
Grammar
[edit ]The syntax of Kanamarí is characterized by ergative–absolutive alignment.[5] The absolutive argument (i.e. the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs) is unmarked for case, and usually appears following the verb phrase.
tyuku
die
wa:pa
dog
tyuku wa:pa
die dog
'The dog died.'
no-ti
2.SG.GEN-kill
paiko
grandfather
no-ti paiko
2.SG.GEN-kill grandfather
'You killed grandfather.'
If the absolutive argument is a pronoun, it is represented by its free-standing form.
ki:tan
sleep
idi:k
2.SG
ki:tan idi:k
sleep 2.SG
'You slept.'
The ergative argument (i.e. the agent of transitive verbs) is marked for genitive case. If the agent is a pronoun, it is represented by a genitive prefix (as in no-ti paiko 'you killed grandfather' above). If the agent is a full noun, it is linked to the verb with the case marker na, which phonologically attaches to the verb:
pi:da
jaguar
na=ti
GEN=kill
paiko
grandfather
pi:da na=ti paiko
jaguar GEN=kill grandfather
'The jaguar killed grandfather.'
References
[edit ]- ^ a b Kanamari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Katukina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Harald Hammarström (2013) Review of the Ethnologue, 16th Ed.
- ^ Carvalho 2019.
- ^ dos Anjos 2011.
- ^ Queixalós 2010.
- Queixalós, Francesc (2010). "Grammatical relations in Katukina-Kanamari". In Gildea, Spike; Queixalós, Francesc (eds.). Ergativity in Amazonia. pp. 235–284. doi:10.1075/tsl.89.10que.
- dos Anjos, Zoraide (2011). Fonologia e Gramática Katukina-Kanamari [Katukina-Kanamari Phonology and Grammar] (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- Queixalós, Francesc (2012). "The Katukina-Kanamari antipassive". In Authier, Gilles; Haude, Katharina (eds.). Ergativity, Valency and Voice. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 227–258.
- Carvalho, Fernando Orphão de Carvalho (2019). "On the Etymology of the Ethnonym Katukina". Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas. 2 (1).