Voiceless palatal fricative
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Voiceless post-palatal fricative)
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ç⟩ in IPA
| Voiceless palatal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ç | |||
| IPA number | 138 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ç | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+00E7 | ||
| X-SAMPA | C | ||
| Braille | ⠖ (braille pattern dots-235) ⠉ (braille pattern dots-14) | ||
| |||
A voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ç ⟩. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative. Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have /ç/ as a phoneme.[1] The sound further occurs as an allophone of /x/ (e.g. in German or Greek), or, in other languages, of /h/ in the vicinity of front vowels.
Features
[edit ]
Features of a voiceless palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit ]Palatal
[edit ]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blackfoot [citation needed ] | ᖱᑊᖽᒧᐧᖿ / ihkitsíkaa | [ɪçkit͡síkaː] | 'Seven' | Allophone of /x/. | |
| Chinese | Taizhou dialect | 嬉 | [çi] | 'to play' | Corresponds to alveolo-palatal /ɕ/ in other Wu dialects. |
| Meixian dialect | 香 | [çjɔŋ˦] | 'fragrant' | Corresponds to palatalized fricative /hj/ in romanised as "hi-" or "hy-" Hakka dialect writing. | |
| Danish | Standard[2] | pjaske | [ˈpçæskə] | 'splash' | May be alveolo-palatal [ɕ] instead.[2] Before /j/, aspiration of /p,t,k/ is realized as devoicing and fortition of /j/.[2] Note, however, that the sequence /tj/ is normally realized as an affricate [t͡ɕ].[3] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard Northern[4] | wiegje | [ˈʋiçjə] | 'crib' | Allophone of /x/ before /j/ for some speakers.[4] See Dutch phonology |
| English | Australian [5] | hue | [çʉː] | 'hue' | Phonetic realization of the sequence /hj/.[5] [6] [7] See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
| British [6] [7] | |||||
| Scouse [8] | like | [laɪ̯ç] | 'like' | Allophone of /k/; ranges from palatal to uvular, depending on the preceding vowel.[8] See English phonology | |
| Estonian [citation needed ] | vihm | [viçm] | 'rain' | Allophone of /h/. See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish [citation needed ] | vihko | [ʋiçko̞] | 'notebook' | Allophone of /h/. See Finnish phonology | |
| French | Parisian [9] | merci | [mɛʁ̥ˈsi̥ç] i | 'thank you' | The close vowels /i,y,u/ and the mid front /e,ɛ/ at the end of utterances can be devoiced.[9] See French phonology |
| German [citation needed ] | nicht | [nɪçt] i | 'not' | Traditionally allophone of /x/, or vice versa, but phonemic for some speakers who have both /aːx/ and /aːç/ (< /aʁç/). See Standard German phonology. | |
| Haida [citation needed ] | xíl | [çɪ́l] | 'leaf' | ||
| Hmong | White (Dawb) | 𖬗𖬰𖬧𖬰 / xya | [ça˧] | 'seven' | Corresponds to alveolo-palatal /ɕ/ in Dananshan dialect |
| Green (Njua) | |||||
| Hungarian [10] | kapj | [ˈkɒpç] | 'get' (imperative) | Allophone of /j/ between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | hérna | [ˈçɛ(ɾ)tnä] | 'here' | Allophone of /h/ near /j/ and /i/.[11] See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish [citation needed ] | a Sheáin | [əçaːnj] | 'John' (voc.) | See Irish phonology | |
| Japanese [12] | 日 / hi | [çi] i | 'day' | Allophone of /h/ before /i/ and /j/. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabyle [citation needed ] | ḵtil | [çtil] | 'to measure' | ||
| Korean [citation needed ] | 힘 / him | [çim] i | 'strength' | Allophone of /h/ word-initially before /i/ and /j/. See Korean phonology | |
| Minangkabau | Mukomuko [citation needed ] | loyh | [lojç] | 'loose' | Allophone of /h/ after /i/, /oj/, and /uj/ in coda. |
| Moksha [citation needed ] | шалхка | [ʃalçka] | 'nose' | ||
| Muniche | [tʃaçu] | 'plant stalk' | [13] | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East [14] | kjerne | [ˈçæ̂ːɳə̌] i | 'core' | Often alveolo-palatal [ɕ] instead; younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with /ʂ/.[14] See Norwegian phonology |
| Pashto | Ghilji dialect [15] | پښه | [pça] | 'foot' | See Pashto phonology |
| Wardak dialect | |||||
| Romanian | Standard[citation needed ] | Rohia | [r̠̊o̞ˈçijä] i | 'Rohia' | Allophone of /h/ before /i/. Typically transcribed with [hj]. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian | Standard[16] | твёрдый / tvjordyj | [ˈt̪ʋjɵrd̪ɨ̞ç] i | 'hard' | Possible realization of /j/.[16] See Russian phonology |
| Scottish Gaelic [17] | eich | [eç] | 'horses' | Slender allophone of /x/. See Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography | |
| Sicilian [citation needed ] | ciumi | [ˈçuːmɪ] | 'river' | Evolved from the Latin /fl/ nexus. Realized as [t͡ʃ] when preceded by a consonant. See Sicilian phonology | |
| Spanish | Chilean [18] | mujer | [muˈçe̞ɾ] | 'woman' | Allophone of /x/ before front vowels. See Spanish phonology |
| Turkish [19] | zihin | [ziˈçin] i | 'intellect' | Allophone of /h/.[19] See Turkish phonology | |
| Uzbek [citation needed ] | maktab | [mɑçtɑb] | 'school' | Occurs when /k/ comes before /t/ and /b/ sounds. | |
| Walloon [citation needed ] | texhe | [tɛç] i | 'to knit' | ⟨xh⟩ spelling proper in Common Walloon, in the Feller system it would be written ⟨hy⟩ | |
| Welsh | hiaith | [çaɪ̯θ] i | 'language' | Occurs in words where /h/ comes before /j/ due to h-prothesis of the original word, i.e. /jaɪ̯θ/ iaith 'language' becomes ei hiaith 'her language', resulting in /j/ i → /ç/ hi.[20] See Welsh phonology | |
Post-palatal
[edit ]| Voiceless post-palatal fricative | |
|---|---|
| ç | |
| x̟ | |
| Audio sample | |
There is also a voiceless post-palatal fricative in some languages, which is articulated slightly farther back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal fricative, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨ç̠⟩, ⟨ç⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ç⟩) or ⟨x̟⟩ (advanced ⟨x⟩).
Features
[edit ]- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is post-palatal, also called retracted palatal, backed palatal, palato-velar, pre-velar, advanced velar or front(ed-)velar, which means it is articulated between the position of palatal consonants and velar consonants.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit ]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian [citation needed ] | глухі / hluchí | [ɣɫuˈx̟i] i | 'deaf' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xj⟩. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Dutch | Standard Belgian [4] | acht | [ˈax̟t] i | 'eight' | May be velar [x] instead.[4] See Dutch phonology |
| Southern accents[4] | |||||
| Greek [21] | ψυχή / psychí | [ps̠iˈç̠i] i | 'soul' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Limburgish | Weert dialect[22] | ich | [ɪ̞x̟] | 'I' | Allophone of /x/ before and after front vowels.[22] See Weert dialect phonology |
| Lithuanian [23] [24] | chemija | [ˈx̟ɛmija] | 'chemistry' | Very rare;[25] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xj⟩. See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Russian | Standard[16] | хинди / chindi | [ˈx̟injdjɪ] i | 'Hindi' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xj⟩. See Russian phonology |
| Spanish | mujer | [muˈx̟e̞ɾ] | 'woman' | Allophone of /x/ before front vowels.[26] See Spanish phonology | |
| Ukrainian [citation needed ] | алхімія / alchimija | [ɐl̞jˈx̟imjijɐ] i | 'alchemy' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xj⟩. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek [27] | xurmo | [x̟urmɒ] | 'date palm' | Weakly fricated; occurs word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is post-velar [x̠].[27] | |
Voiceless palatal approximant
[edit ]| Voiceless palatal approximant | |
|---|---|
| ȷ̊ | |
| ç | |
| IPA number | 153 402A |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | j̊ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006A U+030A |
| X-SAMPA | j_0 |
The voiceless palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. Some scholars posit it distinct from the fricative. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ j̊ ⟩, a j with a ring,[28] indicating the voiceless homologue of the voiced palatal approximant, or ⟨ç˕⟩, a c with cedilla with a lowering diacritic after it, which indicates a weaker or lowered version of the voiceless palatal fricative. The IPA also had a dedicated symbol ⟨ꞕ⟩, an h with palatal hook, which also represented a palatalized h sound, but that is now obsolete. In the Finno-Ugric transcription, it is transcribed ⟨ᴊ⟩, a small capital j.
The palatal approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the voiceless variant of the close front unrounded vowel [i̥]. The sound is essentially an Australian English ⟨y⟩ (as in year) pronounced strictly without vibration of the vocal cords.
Features
[edit ]- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit ]It is found as a phoneme in Jalapa Mazatec and Washo as well as in Kildin Sami.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breton | Bothoa dialect | [example needed ] | Contrasts voiceless /j̊/, plain voiced /j/ and nasal voiced /ȷ̃/ approximants.[29] | ||
| Chinese | Standard | 票 / piào | [pj̊äʊ̯˥˩] i | 'ticket' | Common allophony of /j/ after aspirated consonants. Normally transcribed as [phj]. See Standard Chinese phonology |
| English | Australian | huge | [j̊ʉːdʒ] | 'huge' | H-dropping, also allophone of /j/. See Australian English phonology [30] [31] |
| New Zealand | [j̊i̠(ːw)dʒ] | H-dropping, also allophone of /j/, also can be [ç] instead. See New Zealand English phonology [32] [31] | |||
| French | pierre | [pj̊jɛːʀ̝̊] i | 'stone' | Devoice allophone of /j/. See French phonology [33] | |
| Icelandic | hérna | [ˈj̊ɛ(ɾ)tnä] | 'here' | Dialectal, or in free variation with [ç][34] [35] [36] [37] [38] | |
| Jalapa Mazatec [39] | [example needed ] | Contrasts voiceless /j̊/, plain voiced /j/ and glottalized voiced /ȷ̃/ approximants.[39] | |||
| Japanese | 日 / hi | [j̊i] | 'day' | Colloquial, Allophone of /j/[40] [41] [42] | |
| Scottish Gaelic [43] | a-muigh | [əˈmuj̊] | 'outside' (directional) | Allophone of /j/ and /ʝ/. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Thai | [example needed ] | Allophone of /j/.[44] | |||
| Tibetan | Khams | Phonemic[45] | |||
| Washo | t'á:Yaŋi | [ˈtʼaːj̊aŋi] | 'he's hunting' | Contrasts voiceless /j̊/ and voiced /j/ approximants. | |
| Koyukon (Denaakk'e) | [example needed ] | Contrasts voiceless /j̊/ and voiced /j/ approximants. | |||
See also
[edit ]Notes
[edit ]- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 167–168.
- ^ a b c Basbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
- ^ Grønnum (2005), p. 148.
- ^ a b c d e Collins & Mees (2003), p. 191.
- ^ a b Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 159.
- ^ a b Roach (2009), p. 43.
- ^ a b Wells, John C (2009年01月29日), "A huge query", John Wells's phonetic blog, retrieved 2016年03月13日
- ^ a b Watson (2007), p. 353.
- ^ a b Fagyal & Moisset (1999).
- ^ Siptár & Törkenczy (2007), p. 205.
- ^ Rögnvaldsson (2017), p. 33, 37. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRögnvaldsson2017 (help)
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
- ^ Michael, Lev; Farmer, Stephanie; Finley, Gregory; Acosta, Karina Sullón; Beier, Christine; Icahuate, Alexandra Chanchari; Baneo, Donalia Icahuate; Saita, Melchor Sinti (2023年01月16日), Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev (eds.), "18 Muniche" , Language Isolates II: Kanoé to Yurakaré, De Gruyter, pp. 851–892, doi:10.1515/9783110432732-005, ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2 , retrieved 2025年09月17日
- ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), p. 23.
- ^ Henderson (1983), p. 595.
- ^ a b c Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
- ^ Oftedal (1956), pp. 113–4.
- ^ Palatal phenomena in Spanish phonology Archived 2021年11月23日 at the Wayback Machine Page 113
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6)
- ^ Ball & Watkins (1993), pp. 300–301.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
- ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
- ^ Mathiassen (1996), pp. 22–23).
- ^ Ambrazas et al. (1997), p. 36.
- ^ Ambrazas et al. (1997), p. 35.
- ^ Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 21.
- ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
- ^ Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (1993). "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami" . Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 16 (2). doi:10.32655/ltba.16.2.03. ISSN 0731-3500.
- ^ Iosad, Pavel (2013). Representation and variation in substance-free phonology: A case study in Celtic. Universitetet i Tromso.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007). Illustrations of the IPA: Australian English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 341–350.
- ^ a b Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel (2019). English sound inventory (UZ). Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2007). Illustrations of the IPA: New Zealand English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 97–102.
- ^ Sten, H (1963). Manuel de Phonetique Francaise. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
- ^ Einarsson, Stefan (1949). Icelandic. John Hopkins Press.
- ^ Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language. 34 1: 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276.
- ^ Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel, eds. (2019). Icelandic sound inventory (SPA). Stanford Phonology Archive. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "PHOIBLE 2.0 -". phoible.org. Retrieved 2025年07月25日.
- ^ "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant j̥". phoible.org. Retrieved 2025年07月25日.
- ^ a b Silverman et al. (1995), p. 83. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFSilvermanBlankenshipKirkLadefoged1995 (help)
- ^ Bloch (1950), p. 86–125. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBloch1950 (help)
- ^ Jorden (1963). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFJorden1963 (help)
- ^ Jorden (1952). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFJorden1952 (help)
- ^ Bauer, Michael. "Final devoicing or Why does naoidh sound like Nɯiç?". Akerbeltz. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- ^ Abramson 1962; Kruatrachue 1960; Noss 1954; Noss 1964
- ^ Chirkova 2014
References
[edit ]- Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas (1997), Ambrazas, Vytautas (ed.), Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, ISBN 978-9986-813-22-4
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- Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2007), The Phonology of Hungarian, The Phonology of the World's Languages, Oxford University Press
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
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