Duke of Gloucester
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| Dukedom of Gloucester | |
|---|---|
| Creation date | 31 March 1928 |
| Creation | Fifth |
| Created by | George V |
| Peerage | Peerage of the United Kingdom |
| First holder | Thomas of Woodstock |
| Present holder | Prince Richard |
| Heir apparent | Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster |
| Remainder to | the 1st Duke's heirs male of the body lawfully begotten |
| Subsidiary titles | Earl of Ulster Baron Culloden |
| Status | Extant |
| Former seat | Barnwell Manor |
Duke of Gloucester (/ˈɡlɒstər/ i GLOST-ər) is a British royal title (after Gloucester), often conferred on one of the sons of the reigning monarch. The first four creations were in the Peerage of England and the last in the Peerage of the United Kingdom; the current creation carries with it the subsidiary titles of Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden.
The title was first conferred on Thomas of Woodstock, the thirteenth child of King Edward III. The title became extinct at his death, as it did upon the death of the duke of the second creation, Humphrey of Lancaster, fourth son of King Henry IV.
The title was next conferred on Richard, brother to King Edward IV. When Richard himself became king, the dukedom merged into the crown. After Richard's death, the title was considered ominous, since the first three such dukes had all died without issue to inherit their titles. The title was not awarded for over 150 years: the next to receive the dukedom was the son of King Charles I, Henry Stuart, upon whose death the title again became extinct.
Prince William, son of the future Queen Anne, was styled "Duke of Gloucester" for his whole life (1689–1700), but was never formally created duke. Frederick, Prince of Wales, was styled "Duke of Gloucester" from 1718–1726, but was then created Duke of Edinburgh rather than of Gloucester.
There was next a creation of a double dukedom (not two dukedoms) for the brother of King George III, Prince William Henry, his proper title becoming "Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh".
The fifth and most recent creation was for Prince Henry, third son of King George V, styled as His Royal Highness The Duke of Gloucester. Upon Prince Henry's death, the dukedom was inherited by his only surviving son Prince Richard, who still holds the title. The heir-apparent to the title is Alexander Windsor, styled Earl of Ulster. The next in the line of succession is the Earl of Ulster's son Xan Windsor, known by his grandfather's third title of Lord Culloden. The royal dukedom will devolve into an ordinary one when inherited by Alexander Windsor; as a great-grandson of a sovereign he is not entitled to royal style, and will be styled as His Grace The Duke of Gloucester.
Dukes of Gloucester
[edit ]First creation, 1385–1397
[edit ]| Duke | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Arms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thomas of Woodstock House of Plantagenet 1385–1397 also: Duke of Aumale (1385–1397), Earl of Essex (1376–1397), Earl of Buckingham (1377) |
Thomas of Woodstock | 7 January 1355 Woodstock Palace son of Edward III of England and Queen Philippa |
Eleanor de Bohun 1376 5 children |
8 September 1397 Calais aged 42 |
|
| Thomas of Woodstock's son died two years after his father, but never succeeded to his titles except that of Earl of Buckingham. At the time of Thomas's death, he was regarded as a traitor and thus his titles were forfeit after his murder (except Earl of Buckingham). His son had no issue and his male line died out in 1399. | |||||
Second creation, 1414–1447
[edit ]| Duke | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Arms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humphrey of Lancaster House of Lancaster 1414–1447 also: Earl of Pembroke (1414) |
Humphrey of Lancaster | 3 October 1390 Lancaster Castle son of Henry IV of England and Mary de Bohun |
Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut 1422–1428 (annulled) 1 child (stillborn) Eleanor de Cobham 1428–1441 (annulled) 2 children |
23 February 1447 Bury St Edmunds aged 56 |
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| Before marrying Humphrey, Eleanor de Cobham was his mistress. At the time of Humphrey's 1447 death, he had two children, Arthur and Antigone. However, both children were born before his marriage to Eleanor and were thus illegitimate and could not succeed to his titles; so, accordingly, all his titles became extinct on his death. | |||||
Third creation, 1461
[edit ]| Duke | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Arms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Richard Plantagenet House of York 1461–1483 |
Richard Plantagenet | 2 October 1452 Fotheringhay Castle, Oundle son of Richard, Duke of York and Cecily Neville |
Anne Neville 1472–1485 (her death) 1 child |
22 August 1485 Bosworth Field aged 32 |
|
| Richard succeeded as Richard III in 1483 upon his nephew's disappearance, and his titles merged with the crown. | |||||
Fourth creation, 1659
[edit ]| Duke | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Arms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henry Stuart House of Stuart 1659–1660 also: Earl of Cambridge (1659) |
Henry Stuart | 8 July 1640 Oatlands Palace, Oatlands son of King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria |
Never married | 18 September 1660 Whitehall, London aged 20 |
|
| Henry Stuart had no children and all his titles became extinct on his death. | |||||
Only styled, 1689
[edit ]| Duke | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Arms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prince William House of Oldenburg 1689–1700 |
Prince William of Denmark | 24 July 1689 Hampton Court Palace, London son of Queen Anne and Prince George |
Never married | 30 July 1700 Windsor Castle, Windsor aged 11 |
Only styled, 1717
[edit ]| Duke | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prince Frederick House of Hanover 1717–1726 |
Prince Frederick | 1 February 1707 Leineschloss, Hanover son of King George II and Queen Caroline |
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 17 April 1736 9 children |
31 March 1751 Leicester House, London aged 44 |
Fifth creation, 1928
[edit ]Also: Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden (1928)[1]
| Duke | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Arms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prince Henry House of Windsor 1928–1974 |
Prince Henry | 31 March 1900 York Cottage, Sandringham son of King George V and Queen Mary |
Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott 6 November 1935 2 children |
10 June 1974 Barnwell Manor, Barnwell aged 74 |
|
| Prince Richard House of Windsor 1974–present |
Prince Richard | 26 August 1944 St. Matthew's Nursing Home, Northampton son of Prince Henry and Princess Alice |
Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen 8 June 1972 3 children |
– now 81 years, 105 days old |
Line of succession
[edit ]- Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900–1974)
- Prince William of Gloucester (1941–1972)
- Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester (born 1944)
- (1) Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster (born 1974)
- (2) Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden (born 2007)
- (1) Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster (born 1974)
Arms
[edit ]-
Arms of Thomas of Woodstock: Royal arms of England (arms of his father King Edward III) with difference a bordure argent
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Arms of Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester: Arms of King Henry IV differenced by a bordure argent
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Arms of Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of King Henry IV. Blason: Arms of King Henry IV a label of three points argent each charged with three ermine spots and a canton gules. Later borne by Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later King Richard III).
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Coat of arms of Henry as a son of the Sovereign
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Prince William's Coat of Arms
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Coat of Arms of Henry, the Duke of Gloucester
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Coat of Arms of Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
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Coat of arms of Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster, eldest son of the Duke, & heir to the Dukedom of Gloucester
Family trees
[edit ]| Family tree of the Dukes of Gloucester, Dukes of Edinburgh, the Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh, and the Earls of Ulster (UK creation) |
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Edward III of England
1312–1377 Duke of Gloucester (1st creation), 1385
Dukedom of Gloucester (1st creation) extinct, 1397
Henry IV of England
1367–1413 John Beaufort 1373–1410 1st Earl of Somerset Joan Beaufort c. 1379–1440 Duke of Gloucester (2nd creation), 1414
Humphrey of Lancaster
1390–1447 Duke of Gloucester John Beaufort 1404–1444 Duke of Somerset Cecily Neville 1415–1495 Dukedom of Gloucester (2nd creation) extinct, 1447
Duke of Gloucester (3rd creation), 1461
Margaret Beaufort
1443–1509 Edward IV of England 1442–1483 Richard of York 1452–1485 Duke of Gloucester Later Richard III of England Dukedom of Gloucester (3rd creation) merged in the Crown, 1483
James V of Scotland
1512–1542 Mary, Queen of Scots
1542–1587 James VI & I of Scotland and England
1566–1625 Duke of Gloucester (4th creation), 1659
Sophia of Hanover
1630–1714 James II of Scotland and England 1633–1701 Prince Henry 1640–1660 Duke of Gloucester Dukedom of Gloucester (4th creation) extinct, 1660
Duke of Edinburgh (1st creation), Marquess of the Isle of Ely, Earl of Eltham (1st creation), Viscount Launceston, and Baron Snowdon, 1726
Prince Frederick Louis
1707–1751 1st Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely, Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, and Baron Snowdon, styled Duke of Gloucester until created Duke of Edinburgh, 1726 Prince George William Frederick
1738–1820 2nd Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely, and Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, and Baron Snowdon Later George III of Great Britain, later the United Kingdom Prince William Henry 1743–1805 1st Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Dukedom of Edinburgh (1st creation), Marquessate of the Isle of Ely, and Earldom of Eltham (1st creation), Viscountcy Launceston, and Barony Snowdon merged in the Crown, 1760 Dukedom of Gloucester and Edinburgh unused, 1805–1816
William IV of the United Kingdom
1765–1837 Prince Edward 1767–1820 Duke of Kent and Strathearn Princess Mary 1776–1857 Prince William Frederick 1776–1834 2nd Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Dukedom of Gloucester and Edinburgh extinct, 1834
Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
1819–1901 Duke of Edinburgh (2nd creation) and Earl of Ulster (UK, 1st creation), 1866
Princess Alice
1843–1878 Edward VII of the United Kingdom 1841–1910 Prince Alfred Ernest Albert 1844–1900 Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Ulster Dukedom of Edinburgh (2nd creation) extinct, 1900
Duke of Gloucester (5th creation), Earl of Ulster (UK, 2nd creation), Baron Culloden (2nd creation), 1928
Princess Alice of Battenberg
1885–1969 George VI of the United Kingdom 1895–1952 Prince Henry 1900–1974 1st Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden Duke of Edinburgh (3rd creation), 1947
Duke of Edinburgh (4th creation), 2023
Prince Charles
b. 1948 2nd Duke of Edinburgh Later Charles III of the United Kingdom Prince Edward b. 1964 Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Wessex, Earl of Forfar, and Viscount Severn Prince Richard b. 1944 2nd Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden Dukedom of Edinburgh (3rd creation) merged in the Crown, 2022 Dukedom of Edinburgh (4th creation) is a life peerage and therefore not hereditary
Heir-apparent to the Dukedom of Gloucester
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| Family tree of Royal dukes in the United Kingdom |
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Includes dukes of: Albany, Albemarle, Bedford, Cambridge, Clarence, Connaught and Strathearn, Cumberland, Edinburgh, Gloucester, Gloucester and Edinburgh, Hereford, Kent, Kintyre and Lorne, Norfolk, Ross, Somerset, Sussex, Windsor, and York, but only when royally. Non-royal dukes are not included; see Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom . Duke of Albany (1st creation), 1398 Duke of Clarence (1st creation), 1362 Duke of York (1st creation), 1385
Robert III
c. 1337–1406 Robert Stewart c. 1340–1420 1st Duke of Albany Edward the Black Prince 1330–1376 Lionel of Antwerp 1338–1368 Duke of Clarence John of Gaunt 1340–1399 Edmund of Langley 1341–1402 1st Duke of York Dukedom of Clarence (1st creation) extinct, 1368
Duke of Cornwall (2nd creation), 1376 Duke of Hereford, 1397 Duke of Gloucester (1st creation), 1385
Murdoch Stewart
c. 1362–1425 2nd Duke of Albany Richard of Bordeaux 1367–1400 Duke of Cornwall, later King Richard II Henry Bolingbroke 1367–1413 Duke of Hereford, later King Henry IV Thomas of Woodstock 1355–1397 Duke of Gloucester Dukedom of Albany (1st creation) forfeit, 1425 Dukedom of Cornwall (2nd creation) merged in the crown, 1377 Dukedom of Hereford merged in the crown, 1399 Dukedom of Gloucester (1st creation) extinct, 1397
Duke of Clarence (2nd creation), 1412 Duke of Bedford (1st & 2nd creations), 1414 Duke of Gloucester (2nd creation), 1414 Duke of Albemarle (Aumale) (1st creation), 1397
Thomas of Lancaster
1387–1421 Duke of Clarence John of Lancaster 1389–1435 Duke of Bedford Surrendered dukedom and then regranted, 1433 Humphrey of Lancaster 1390–1447 Duke of Gloucester John Beaufort 1373–1410 Joan Beaufort c. 1379–1440 Edward of Norwich c. 1373–1415 Duke of Aumale, 2nd Duke of York Richard of Conisburgh 1385–1415 Dukedom of Clarence (2nd creation) extinct, 1421 Dukedom of Bedford (2nd creation) extinct, 1435 Dukedom of Gloucester (2nd creation) extinct, 1447 Dukedom of Albemarle (Aumale) (1st creation) forfeit, 1399
James I
1394–1437 Joan Beaufort c. 1404–1445 John Beaufort 1404–1444 Richard Neville 1400–1460 Cecily Neville 1415–1495 Richard of York 1411–1460 3rd Duke of York, Duke of Cornwall Duke of Cornwall (3rd creation) extinct, 1460
Duke of Bedford (5th creation), 1485 Duke of Clarence (3rd creation), 1461 Duke of Gloucester (3rd creation), 1461
James II
1430–1460 Jasper Tudor c. 1431–1495 Duke of Bedford Edmund Tudor c. 1430–1456 Lady Margaret Beaufort 1443–1509 John Neville c. 1431–1471 Elizabeth Woodville c. 1437–1492 Prince Edward 1442–1483 4th Duke of York, later King Edward IV George Plantagenet 1449–1478 Duke of Clarence Richard of York 1452–1485 Duke of Gloucester, later King Richard III Dukedom of Bedford (5th creation) extinct, 1495 Dukedom of York (1st creation) merged in the Crown, 1461 Dukedom of Clarence (3rd creation) forfeit, 1478 Dukedom of Gloucester (3rd creation) merged in the Crown, 1483
Duke of Albany (2nd creation), 1458 Duke of Bedford (3rd creation), 1470 Duke of York (2nd creation), 1474
Duke of Norfolk (3rd creation), 1477 Duke of Bedford (4th creation), 1478 Alexander Stewart
c. 1454–1485 1st Duke of Albany James III 1451/1452–1488 George Neville 1457–1483 Duke of Bedford King Henry VII 1457–1509 Elizabeth of York 1466–1503 Richard of Shrewsbury 1473–1483 Duke of York, Duke of Norfolk George of York 1477–1479 Duke of Bedford Dukedom of Bedford (3rd creation) forfeit, 1478 Dukedom of York (2nd creation) and Dukedom of Norfolk (3rd creation) extinct, 1483 Dukedom of Bedford (4th creation) extinct, 1479
Duke of Ross (1st creation), 1488 Duke of York (3rd creation), 1494 Duke of Somerset (3rd creation), 1499
John Stewart
1482–1536 2nd Duke of Albany James Stewart 1476–1504 Duke of Ross James IV 1473–1513 Margaret Tudor 1489–1541 Prince Henry 1491–1547 Duke of York, later King Henry VIII Edmund Tudor 1499–1500 Duke of Somerset (nominated but probably not invested) Dukedom of Albany (2nd creation) extinct, 1536 Dukedom of Ross (1st creation) extinct, 1504 Dukedom of York (3rd creation) merged in the Crown, 1509 Dukedom of Somerset (3rd creation) extinct, 1500
Duke of Ross (2nd creation), 1514
Duke of Albany (3rd creation), 1565 Dukedom of Ross (2nd creation) extinct, 1515
Dukedom of Albany (3rd creation) merged in the Crown, 1567
Duke of Albany (4th creation), 1604
Duke of York (4th creation), 1605 Duke of Kintyre and Lorne, 1602 Princess Elizabeth Stuart
1596–1662 Prince Charles 1600–1649 Duke of Albany, Duke of York, later King Charles I Robert Stuart 1602 Duke of Kintyre and Lorne Dukedom of Albany (4th creation), Dukedom of York (4th creation) merged in the Crown, 1625 Dukedom of Kintyre and Lorne extinct, 1602
Duke of York (5th creation) 1644
Duke of Albany (5th creation), 1660 Duke of Gloucester (4th creation), 1659 Sophia of Hanover
1630–1714 James Stuart 1633–1701 Duke of York, Duke of Albany, later King James II Prince Henry 1640–1660 Duke of Gloucester Dukedom of Albany (5th creation) and Dukedom of York (5th creation) merged in the Crown, 1685 Dukedom of Gloucester (4th creation) extinct, 1660
Duke of York and Albany (1st creation), 1716 Duke of Cambridge (1st creation), 1664 Duke of Kendal (1st creation), 1666 Duke of Cambridge (2nd creation), 1667
King George I
1660–1727 Ernest Augustus 1674–1728 Duke of York and Albany Charles Stuart 1660–1661 styled Duke of Cambridge James Stuart 1663–1667 Duke of Cambridge Queen Anne 1665–1714 Charles Stuart 1666–1667 designated Duke of Kendal Edgar Stuart 1667–1671 Duke of Cambridge Charles Stuart 1677 styled Duke of Cambridge Dukedom of York and Albany (1st creation) extinct, 1728 Dukedom of Cambridge (1st creation) extinct, 1667 Dukedom of Kendal (1st creation), extinct, 1667 Dukedom of Cambridge (2nd creation) extinct, 1671
Duke of Cambridge (3rd creation)
Prince George
1683–1760 Duke of Cambridge, later King George II Prince William 1689–1700 styled Duke of Gloucester Dukedom of Cambridge (3rd creation) merged with the Crown, 1727
Duke of Edinburgh (1st creation), 1726 Duke of Cumberland (3rd creation), 1726
Prince Frederick Louis
1707–1751 1st Duke of Edinburgh, styled Duke of Gloucester until created Duke of Edinburgh Prince William Augustus 1721–1765 Duke of Cumberland Dukedom of Cumberland (3rd creation) extinct, 1765
Duke of York and Albany (2nd creation), 1760 Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, 1764 Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, 1766
Prince George William Frederick
1738–1820 2nd Duke of Edinburgh, later King George III Prince Edward 1739–1767 Duke of York and Albany Prince William Henry 1743–1805 1st Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Prince Henry 1745–1790 Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn Dukedom of Edinburgh (1st creation), merged in the Crown, 1760 Dukedom of York and Albany (2nd creation) extinct, 1767 Dukedom of Gloucester and Edinburgh unused, 1805–1816 Dukedom of Cumberland and Strathearn extinct, 1790
Duke of York and Albany (3rd creation), 1784 Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, 1789 Duke of Kent and Strathearn, 1799 Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, 1799 Duke of Sussex (1st creation), 1801 Duke of Cambridge (4th creation), 1801
Prince Frederick
1763–1827 Duke of York and Albany Prince William Henry 1765–1837, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, later King William IV Prince Edward 1767–1820 Duke of Kent and Strathearn Ernest Augustus 1771–1851 King of Hanover, 1st Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale Prince Augustus Frederick 1773–1843 Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus 1774–1850 1st Duke of Cambridge Princess Mary 1776–1857 Prince William Frederick 1776–1834 2nd Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Dukedom of York and Albany (3rd creation) extinct, 1827 Dukedom of Clarence and St Andrews merged in the Crown, 1830 Dukedom of Kent and Strathearn extinct, 1820 Dukedom of Sussex (1st creation) extinct, 1843 Dukedom of Gloucester and Edinburgh extinct, 1834
Queen Victoria
1819–1901 George V 1819–1878 King of Hanover, 2nd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale Prince George 1819–1904 2nd Duke of Cambridge Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge 1833–1897 Dukedom of Cambridge (4th creation) extinct, 1904
Duke of Edinburgh (2nd creation), 1866 Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, 1874 Duke of Albany (6th creation), 1881
King Edward VII
1841–1910 Prince Ernest Augustus 1845–1923 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale Princess Alice 1843–1878 Prince Alfred Ernest Albert 1844–1900 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Arthur 1850–1942 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Leopold 1853–1884 1st Duke of Albany Dukedom of Cumberland and Teviotdale forfeit, 1919 Dukedom of Edinburgh (2nd creation) extinct, 1900
Duke of Clarence and Avondale, 1890 Duke of York (6th creation), 1892
Prince Albert Victor
1864–1892 Duke of Clarence and Avondale George Frederick Ernest Albert 1865–1936 Duke of York, later King George V Mary of Teck 1867–1953 Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine 1863–1950 Prince Arthur of Connaught 1883–1938 Dukedom of Clarence and Avondale extinct, 1892 Dukedom of York (6th creation) merged in the Crown, 1910
Duke of Windsor, 1937 Duke of York (7th creation), 1920 Duke of Kent (2nd creation), 1934 Duke of Gloucester (5th creation), 1928
King Edward VIII
1894–1972 Later Duke of Windsor Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George 1895–1952 Duke of York, later King George VI Princess Alice of Battenberg 1885–1969 Prince George 1902–1942 1st Duke of Kent Prince Henry 1900–1974 1st Duke of Gloucester Prince Alastair Arthur 1914–1943 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Charles Edward 1884–1954 2nd Duke of Albany Dukedom of Windsor extinct, 1972 Dukedom of York (7th creation) merged in the Crown, 1936 Dukedom of Connaught and Strathearn extinct, 1943 Dukedom of Albany (6th creation) forfeit, 1919
Duke of Edinburgh (3rd creation), 1947
Queen Elizabeth II
1926–2022 Prince Philip 1921–2021 1st Duke of Edinburgh Prince Edward b. 1935 2nd Duke of Kent Duke of York (8th creation), 1986 (revoked 2025) Duke of Edinburgh (4th creation), 2023
King Charles III
b. 1948 Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor b. 1960 Duke of York (until 2025) Prince Edward b. 1964 Duke of Edinburgh George Windsor b. 1962 Prince Richard b. 1944 2nd Duke of Gloucester Dukedom of Edinburgh (3rd creation) merged in the Crown, 2022 No male heirs Dukedom of Edinburgh (4th creation) is a life peerage and therefore not hereditary Heir apparent to the Dukedom of Kent
Duke of Cambridge (5th creation), 2011 Duke of Sussex (2nd creation), 2018
Prince William
b. 1982 Duke of Cambridge Prince Harry Duke of Sussex b. 1984 Edward Windsor b. 1988 Alexander Windsor b. 1974 Heir-apparent to the Dukedom of Gloucester
Heir apparent to the Dukedom of Cambridge Heir apparent to the Dukedom of Sussex
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See also
[edit ]References
[edit ]External links
[edit ]- The Duke of Gloucester at the Royal Family website
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gloucester, Earls and Dukes of" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–129.