First Measurememt of Weak Force! Mike McRae (ScienceAlert, 2018年05月06日)
Beta Radioactivity by Rod Nave (Hyperphysics).
Wikipedia : Weak interactions | Electroweal theory
Hunting for Neutrinos (40:38)
Vincenzo Cavasinni & Paola Catapano (2007).
Directed by Emanuele Angiuli
and produced, under the name "Orione", by CERN,
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN-Pisa),
Laboratori Nazionali Gran Sasso (LNGS),
Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS-Catania) and the
association for scientific culture La Limonaia (Pisa).
" I have done a terrible thing: I have postulated a particle that cannot be detected.." Wolfgang Pauli (Dec. 1930).
Pauli was definitely too harsh on himself. The fact that three conserved quantity would otherwise be missing in beta-decay (energy, linear momentum and angular momentum) would now be considered a definite proof of something otherwise undetected. Pauli had proposed to call the new particle "neutron" because it had no electrical charge but that name would soon be preempted by James Chadwick (1891-1974; Nobel 1935) for the massive nuclear particle he discovered in 1932, which now stands.
The particle postulated by Pauli was given its final name of neutrino (Italian for "little neutron") by Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) who first used the name in public at a meeting in Paris (July 1932) following a suggestion made jokingly in a friendly conversation with another Italian physicist Edoardo Amaldi (1908-1989) in the wake of Chadwick's aforementioned discovery of the neutron.
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The Story of the Neutrino
Wikipedia :
Beta decay
|
Neutrino
The Elusive Neutrino and the Nature of the Cosmos (1:30:41)
World Science Festival (2012年06月01日).
Neutrinos: Nature's Ghosts (4:56)
by Don Lincoln (Fermilab, 2013年06月18日).
Neutrinos (11:29)
Sixty symbols (2010年06月15日).
GF / (h-bar c) 3 = 1.1663787(6) GeV-2
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Fermi's interaction | Fermi coupling constant | Enrico Fermi (1901-1954)
In 1942, Wang Ganchang (1907-1998) had suggested that reverse beta capture could provide an experimental way to detect the influx of antineutrinos from a nearby nuclear reactor, through the reaction:
ne + p+ ® n + e+
It would take another 14 years to actually make such a detection, which earned the surviving experimenter (Reines) a belated Nobel prize in 1995.
In a supernova, a huge number of neutrinos are typically observed several hours before the explosion can be detected optically. This was first noticed (after the fact) in the case of SN1987A, a naked-eye supernova from the Large Magellanic Cloud whose light first reached us on 1987年02月23日.
Now, a system of neutrino detectors is in place (SNEWS) to provide early-warning directional information to all observatories a few hours before the the next nearby supernova becomes visible... We don't want to miss it!
Clyde Cowan (1979-1974)
|
Frederick Reines (1918-1998)
|
1995 Nobel Prize in Physics
How to detect a neutrino (9:32)
by Don Lincoln (Fermilab, 2019年05月28日).
Subatomic Stories: The amazing neutrino (11:18)
by Don Lincoln (Fermilab, 2020年04月29日).
The Wu experiment.
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Tsung-Dao Lee (1926-)
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Chen-Ning Yang (1922-)
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Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997)
Through the looking glass (9:17)
by Don Lincoln (Fermilab, 2017年05月10日).
Lederman and Steinberger attended the Stanford meeting of the APS in December 1957, where Feynman and Gell-Mann reported on their joint work
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Gerald Feinberg
(1933-1992)
Leon M. Lederman (1922-2018)
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Melvin Schwartz (1932-2006)
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Jack Steinberger (1921-)
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Nobel 1988
Dec. 1957 meeting of the APS at Stanford (1:55)
by Murray Gell-Mann (1998).
Muon and electron neutrinos (1:12)
by Murray Gell-Mann (1998).
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Quantum Chameleon (6:55)
by Don Lincoln (Fermilab, 2017年03月23日).
Electroweak force (6:55)
by Arvin Ash (2020年09月26日).
As a student of Julian Schwinger (1918-1994; Nobel 1965) Sheldon Glashow (b. 1932) originally came up with the idea which eventually led to our current understanding of the weak force with three intermediate vector bosons (massive bosons of spin 1) besides the photon, using Yang-Mills theory. Two of opposite unit charge (W- and W+) and a neutral one (Zo). It wasn't yet clear at this point how this would account for the observed strangeness-changing properties of weak interactions.
In Paris, in 1959, Glashow talked about that to Gell-Mann, who reformulated the idea and reported on it at the Rochester conference of 1960. The problem was then to generalize Yang-Mills theory beyond the SU(2) of isospin. It took a young assistant professor of mathematics at Caltech (Dick Bloch) to point out to Gell-Mann, in the Fall of 1960, that simple Lie groups had already been classified before SU(3) appeared as the next logical choice for such a generalization,
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Shelly Glashow's idea and the road to SU(3)
(4:10,
4:01)
by Murray Gell-Mann
Why is the Weak Force weak? (10:32)
by Don Lincoln (Fermilab, 2017年04月14日).
Bruno Pontecorvo (1913-1993) was the youngest of Fermi's Via Panisperna boys.
Willy Fowler (1911-1995; Nobel 1983) and John McCool at Caltech.
The Standard solar model John Bahcall.
The cross-section of a neutrino is a rapidly-increasing function of its energy.
In 1948, Ray Davis was a chemist working for Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, NY. He set up the Homestake experiment using 100,000 gallon tank of perchlorethylene (dry-cleaning fluid) 4580 ft underground in a South Dakota gold mine. Over the course of several decades, the experiment consistently detected about 1/3 of the neutrino flux predicted by the Standard solar model.
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Herb Chen (1942-1987). Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO).
Neutrino oscillations (1957)
|
Bruno Pontecorvo (1913-1993)
Homestake experiment
|
Ray Davis (1914-2006;
Nobel 2002)
|
John Bahcall (1934-2005)
Interviews with Dr. Ray Davis
(1:28,
2:53,
4:02,
2:20)
by Wayne Paananen (December 1990).
Observing solar neutrinos
(2:35,
4:07,
1:55)
by Hans Bethe (Web of stories).
KamiokaNDE
|
Masatoshi Koshiba (1926-;
Nobel 2002)
MSW effect
|
Stanislav Mikheyev (1940-2011)
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Alexei Smirnov (1951-)
|
Lincoln Wolfenstein (1923-2015)
2015 Neutrino Nobel Prize (8:01)
by Brady Haran (Sixty symbols, 2015年10月06日).
Knowing Neutrinos
(53:31,
23:19)
by Art McDonald
(RI, 2016年07月04日).
Neutrinos: Nature's Identity Thieves (5:56)
by Don Lincoln (Fermilab, 2013年07月11日).
