Emulsion photo of a cosmic ray pion.
Photodetectors | Particle detectors | Semiconductor detectors | Silicon-drift detector (SDD)
Particle Detectors Subatomic Bomb Squad (9:48)
Don Lincoln (2014年08月28日).
The four LHC detectors (6:54)
by Don Lincoln (2015年03月11日).
How do you detect a neutrino? (9:32)
by Don Lincoln (2019年05月28日).
Fermilab and the High-Luminosity LHC (11:09)
by Don Lincoln (2019年09月11日).
This is the earliest proper particle detector. It was famously used by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in the gold-foil experiment supervised by Rutherford which established the existence of the atomic nucleus (1909).
Without the help of modern photomultipliers, the tiny flashes on the surface of the scintillating material (originally, ZnS) had to be observed in total darkness under a microscope. Arguably. Hans Geiger soon invented the counter named after him to improve his own working conditions.
[画像: Come back later, we're still working on this one... ]
Phosphor
|
ZnS
Scintillator
|
Spinthariscope (1903)
|
Sir William Crookes (1832-1919)
Scintillation
|
Scintillation counter (1944)
|
Samuel C. Curran (1912-1998)
Radiation Detector (US2474773A, 1947)
US patent granted to William R. Baker, Berkeley.
Photomultiplier tubes (PMT)
|
Avalanche photodiode (APD)
|
Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)
Numericana : Scintillators and Spectrometers
[画像: Come back later, we're still working on this one... ]
Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (1882-1945)
|
Walther Müller (1905-1979)
Geiger counter (1908)
|
Geiger-Marsden "gold foil" experiment (1909)
|
Geiger-Müler tube (1928)
[画像: Come back later, we're still working on this one... ]
Wilson Cloud Chamber | Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869-1959) | Nobel 1927
[画像: Come back later, we're still working on this one... ]
Nuclear emulsion
|
Cecil Frank Powell (1903-1969)
|
Nobel 1950
Oscillation project with emulsion-tracking apparatus
(OPERA, 2003-2015). 150,000 emulsion bricks.
Ilford
Nuclear Emulsions (Data sheet, 6 pages)
In 1954, Jack Steinberger (1921-; Nobel 1988) began using a bubble chamber with three of his students:
They took much advice from the inventor Don Glaser himself to build their first propane bubble chamber of 10 cm diameter (later upgraded to 15 cm then 30 cm) and soon came up with the key idea of recompressing the liquid milliseconds after an expansion. This innovation collapses all bubbles before they can rise and collect at the top of the vessel, making it possible to cycle the apparatus several times per second.
Bubble-chamber research brought fame to Luis W. Alvarez (1911-1988; Nobel 1968) and his team at the Radiation Laboratory of UC Berkeley. They completed a 72-inch bubble chamber using liquid hydrogen in March 1959, after four years of engineering efforts led by Paul Hernandez (1918-2009) and Don Gow.
Bubble Chamber
|
Donald A. Glaser (1926-2013)
|
Nobel 1960
"Pions to Quarks: Particle Physics in the 1950s"
edited by Laurie Mark Brown, Max Dresden, Lillian Hoddeson (1989).
The wire chamber allows the capture of thousands of images per second.
[画像: Come back later, we're still working on this one... ]
Multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC, 1968) | Georges Charpak (1924-2010) | Nobel 1992
