Cyanidioschyzon merolae Genome Project

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Cyanidiaceae Memo

This page contains personal memo for Family Cyanidiaceae. No academic description, merely memo.

Taxonomic Position

Kingdom
Plantae or Protista. Some limit the kingdom Plantae to land plants, or green plants and green algae, although others include all three 'primary' algae (green, red, and blue-brown) to the Plantae. There are some argues on the monophyly of these three 'primary' algae. Nozaki et al. proposed a new and enlarged view of the Plantae.
Phylum
Rhodophyta or Cyanidiophyta. Doweld adopted the phylum Cynidiophyta under the subkingdom Rhodoplantae, because these organisms are highly distinctive from other red algae.
Class
Cyanidiophyceae. The Cyanidiaceae traditionally belongs to the class Bangiophyceae, but the Bangiophyceae are not monophyletic and divided to some classes now.
Order
Cyanidiales.

Family Feature

These organisms are small unicellular red algae. They live in acidic sulphur hot springs and volcanic calderas, whose temperature and pH are upto 56 °C and 0.5, respectively.

These algae are also notable from the viewpoint of photosynthesis in severe condition. They can proliferate even at 100% CO2 (Kurano et al.).

The highly acidic habitats also means that these algae show great tolerance to metals, especially aluminum. One organism of this family, Cyanidium caldarium, can survive in medium containing 200 mM aluminum (Yoshimura et al.).

Genera

Family Cyanidiaceae is generally recognized to be composed of three Genera:

Cell forms and proliferation styles distinguish Cyanidioschyzon from the others. Cyanidioschyzon are club-shaped and proliferated by binary fission, while the others are spheric and make endospores. Gardieria are characterized by their ability of heterotrophic reproduction. Discussion below is based on Ciniglia et al. (2004).

Cyanidium

There is a single described species, C. caldarium (Tilden) Geitler. And there are some mesophylic species also known as "cave cyanidium", their habitats are nonacidic and nonthermal. One of such mesophylic species is described as C. chilense, however, its systematic position is unknown. Cinglia et al. (2004) shows mesophily is a derived character in the Cyanidiales.

Galdieria

There are 4 described species: G. sulphuraria (Galdieri) Merola, G. daedala Sentsova, G. partita Sentsova, and G. maxima Sentsova. However, G. maxima seems rather related to genus Cyanidioschyzon based on molecular analyses. Ciniglia et al. (2004) recognize clearly separated 2 subclades, one of which is "endolithic", on the remaining 3 species. At the time, "endolithic" clade found only from Italian sites. The other "hydrothermal" clade shows geographical sorting of the lineages, probably indicating that the long-distance dispersal is limited.

Cyanidioschyzon

There is a single described species, C. merolae De Luca, Taddei & Varano. C. merolae is clearly distinctive from other Cyanidiaceae species, but G. maxima shows enigmatically close relationship to C. merolae.

Species and Strains

There has been some confusion about the nomenclature of these organisms.

  • Cyanidioschyzon
    10D
    sampled by Pinto as mixed culture in Naple, Italy, and isolated by Toda et al.. This strain has been subjected to genomic approaches.
    DBV 001 NAPS
    Virtually identical to 10D, as only 5 bases differed out of published 2520 bases.
    DBV 199
    Sampled from Pisciarelli, Italy. Type culture, and the origin of strain 10D.
    DBV 201 JAVA
    Sampled from Java, Indonesia. This strain is virtually identical to 10D at sequences of plastid genes.
    DBV 202 NAMN
    Sampled from Monte Nuovo, Italy.
  • Cyanidium
    RK-1
    There can be distinguished two strain of so called 'RK-1':
    1. Japanese RK-1: it has been subjected to chloroplast-reguration, and shows strong sequence similarity to Cyanidioschyzon.
    2. German RK-1: its chloroplast genome has been published, and shows moderate sequence similarity to other algae in Cyanidiaceae.
    Forma A
    ...
    IIID2
    This strain shows relative sequence affinity to strain '14-1-1', and is possibly Galdieria sulphuraria so.
    DBV 019 SIPE
    Sampled from Siena, Italy.
    DBV 020 APAS
    Sampled from Acqua Santa, Italy.
    DBV 182 JAVA
    Sampled from Java, Indonesia.
    SAG 16.91
    Sampled from Java, Indonesia. Neotype culture from locus classicus.
    IPPAS P511
    Sampled from Kamchatka, Russia.
    3-8 CR
    Sampled from Costa Rica.
  • Gardieria
    M-8
    ...
    Forma B
    ...
    DBV 011 CEMD
    Sampled from Caserta, Italy.
    DBV 015 NAFG
    Sampled from Ischia-fango, Italy.
    DBV 017 NASF
    Sampled from Solfatara, Italy.
    DBV 018 CNASC
    Sampled from Scarfoglio, Italy.
    DBV 021 MEVU
    Sampled from Vulcano, Italy.
    DBV 074 JAVA
    Sampled from Java, Indonesia.
    DBV 135 AZUF
    Sampled from Agua-Azul, Mexico.
    DBV 136
    Sampled from Mexicali, Mexico.
    DBV 002 NAPS = SAG 17.91
    Sampled from Pisciarelli, Italy. This strain belongs to "endolithic" clade. It has extreme salt tolerance (8-10%), and lacks nitrate utilization ability. Neotype culture.
    DBV 009 VTNE
    Sampled from Viterbo, Italy. This strain belongs to "endolithic" clade.
    DBV 012 BNTE
    Sampled from Benevento, Italy. This strain belongs to "endolithic" clade.
    DBV 063 AGCS
    Sampled from Agrigento, Italy. This strain belongs to "endolithic" clade.
    SAG 107.79 = UTEX 2393 = 14.1.1
    Sampled from Sonoma, CA, USA, by M. B. Allen. Previously called C. caldarium
    SAG 108.79 = 14.1.2
    Sampled from Yellowstone, USA, by M. B. Allen. Previously called C. caldarium
    SAG 21.92
    Sampled from Taipei, Taiwan, by J. T. Wu.
    IPPAS P500
    G. partita. Sampled from Kamchatka, Russia.
    IPPAS P507
    G. maxima. Sampled from Kunashir, Russia (Kunashiri, Japan). Distantly related to other Galdieria species.
    IPPAS P508
    G. daedala. Sampled from Kunashir, Russia (Kunashiri, Japan).
    FUB ELS
    Sampled from Playon de Ahuachapan, El Salvador.
    FUB 074W
    Sampled from Java, Indonesia.
    FUB ISG
    Sampled from Skalafell, Iceland.
    FUB MSh
    Sampled from Mt Shasta, CA, USA.
    FUB RT-27
    Sampled from Rio Tinto, Spain.
    FUB AZ
    Sampled from Azores, Portugal.

References

  1. Ciniglia C, Yoon HS, Pollio A, Pinto G, Bhattacharya D (2004) Hidden biodiversity of the extremophilic Cyanidiales red algae. Mol. Ecol., 13: 1827-1838.
  2. Nozaki H, Matsuzaki M, Takahara M, Misumi O, Kuroiwa H, Hasegawa M, Shin-i T, Kohara Y, Ogasawara N, Kuroiwa T (2003) The phylogenetic position of red algae revealed by multiple nuclear genes from mitochondria-containing eukaryotes and an alternative hypothesis on the origin of plastids. J. Mol. Evol., 56: 485-497.
  3. Pinto G, Albertano P, Ciniglia C, Cozzolino S, Pollio A, Yoon HS, Bhattacharya D (2003) Comparative approaches to the taxonomy of the genus Galdieria Merola (Cyanidiales, Rhodophyta). Cryptogamie Algol., 24: 13-32.
  4. Kurano N, Ikemoto H, Miyashita H, Hasegawa T, Hata H, Miyachi S (1995) Fixation and utilization of carbon dioxide by microalgal photosynthesis. Energy Convers. Mgmt. 36: 689-692.
  5. Yoshimura E, Nagasaka S, Sato Y, Satake K, Mori S (1999) Extraordinary high aluminium tolerance of the acidophilic thermophilic alga, Cyanidium caldarium. Soil. Sci. Plant. Nutr. ,45: 721-724.
  6. Gross W, Heilmann I, Lenze D, Schnarrenberger C (2001) Biogeography of the Cyanidiaceae (Rhodophyta) based on 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence data. Eur. J. Phycology, 36: 275-280.

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