Argument passing in Python

Question

I don't quite understand what is going with variable 'current_label', which to me seems to be defined in the enclosing code of function 'ts_r', which would make it visible from inside 'ts_r'? But when I run the code below, it complains that local variable 'current_label' is referenced before assignment... Note that it does not complain about 'visited' or 'f', and that it won't complain if I initialize 'current_label' with [len(g)].

def topological_sort(g):
 visited = zeros((len(g)), dtype='int32')
 f = zeros((len(g)), dtype='int32')
 current_label = len(g) # [] so it is seen inside ts_r
 def ts_r(n):
 for nn in [v for v in g[n] if not visited[v]]:
 visited[nn] = 1
 ts_r(nn)
 f[n] = current_label
 current_label -= 1
 for i in range(len(g)):
 if not visited[i]: 
 ts_r(i)
 return f

• mVChr: Shame on whomever wrote obfuscated variable and method names in Python!
• jdi: I tried to fix your indents but I realized its still odd. Can you please fix this formatting?
• Clovis: Done. Should look better now.

Answer 1

In case of visited or f you change mutable variables. In case of current_label you try to re-assign value to global variable without stating it is global.

Changing variables from outside scopes does not require declaring them global, but reassigning value to a global variable requires declaration, that it is global - otherwise it is treated as local (and in case of referencing before assignement you get such errors).

Lets look at the code:

1. def ts_r(n):
2. for nn in [v for v in g[n] if not visited[v]]:
3. visited[nn] = 1
4. ts_r(nn)
5. f[n] = current_label
6. current_label -= 1

In line 5 you assign global variable value to f[n], but later, in line 6 you try to assign this global variable a value. You did not tell Python it is global, thus it assumes it is local. But if it is local, you cannnot assign it earlier.

You have two choices:

1. (probably not the one you are looking for) Use it as local:

   def ts_r(n):
    current_label = len(g) # initialize local variable
    for nn in [v for v in g[n] if not visited[v]]:
    visited[nn] = 1
    ts_r(nn)
    f[n] = current_label
    current_label -= 1
   

2. Tell Python it is global variable and you would like to change global variable's value:

   def ts_r(n):
    global current_label # current_label is now global
    for nn in [v for v in g[n] if not visited[v]]:
    visited[nn] = 1
    ts_r(nn)
    f[n] = current_label
    current_label -= 1
   

EDIT:

After your question was updated, I saw nested functions instead of functions defined in global scope. Thus the solution with global won't work.

In Python 3.x you have nonlocal keyword, but you will need to find walkaround in case of Python 2.x. Again, you have at least two possibilities:

1. Use mutable variable enclosing immutable you want to change (eg. list with one integer in it). Then when you just refer to (and change) the first element of a list. Try it.

2. Another solution is to add an attribute for the wrapping function (function is also a mutable, so you can change it, but you will not pollute global namespace). Example is here: http://ideone.com/7jGvM. In your case it may look like this:

   def topological_sort(g):
    visited = zeros((len(g)), dtype='int32')
    f = zeros((len(g)), dtype='int32')
    topological_sort.current_label = len(g) # [] so it is seen inside ts_r
    def ts_r(n):
    for nn in [v for v in g[n] if not visited[v]]:
    visited[nn] = 1
    ts_r(nn)
    f[n] = topological_sort.current_label
    topological_sort.current_label -= 1
    for i in range(len(g)):
    if not visited[i]: 
    ts_r(i)
    return f
   

• jdi: Do you think its even necessary to have a local closure function in this situation in the first place?
• Tadeck: @jdl: If you are referring to ts_r, then I do not have enough information. Maybe it is. Lets try to explain the error to OP.
• Clovis: Hmmmm... First, nothing in the syntax hints at current_label being of a different kind than f at the point of declaration. Why is current_label not considered a mutable variable too? - Second, if I don't want to pollute the global namespace, can I keep current_label's scope to be the whole of topological_sort, but not outside of it?
• jdi: @Frank: type int is immutable. You keep reassigning it, as opposed to the others which are lists which you are only modifying by index. They stay the same object
• Clovis: Got it. I'll have to remember that type int is immutable. Remains the question about keeping current_label from spreading into the global namespace. By the way, I have to put a global declaration in topological_sort and another one in ts_r for the "global" thing to work.