A matrix that can be defined for polarizing optical components which allows the nature of the polarization to be easily propagated.
References
Jones, R. C. J. Opt. Soc. A 31, 488-493, 1941.
Yeh, P. and Gu, C. "Jones Matrix Method." Ch. 4 in Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays. New York: Wiley, pp. 103-160, 1999.