利用者:Ann Clara/下書き5

悲しみの聖母 (かなしみのせいぼ:ラテン語:Beata Maria Virgo Perdolens ) は、マリアの人生における悲しみに関連した称号・信心であり、嘆きの聖母・悲しみの御母・慈愛の聖母・七つの悲しみの聖母・七つの嘆きの聖母などといった称号で呼ばれることもある。また、カトリック教会におけるマリア美術(en:Marian art)の主題でもある。

「マリアの七つの悲しみ」は、カトリック教会の信心業の中でも普及しているものである。カトリック教会における共通した宗教画として、聖母マリアが、悲しみにくれて涙を流し、七つの矢に心臓を貫かれ、しばしば流血している姿が描かれる。

この信心業における祈祷文も、聖母の悲しみを瞑想することから成り立っており、これはルカ福音書に書かれているシメオンの予言 を基にした聖母の七つの悲しみを詳しく述べるところから始まる。 この「悲しみの聖母」における信心で一般的なものは、「七つの悲しみのロザリオ」( en:Rosary of the Seven Sorrows)や、「聖母の七つの悲しみのチャプレット」、そして最近では「聖母マリアの悲しみと汚れなきみ心」(en:Sorrowful and Immaculate Heart of Mary)がある。「悲しみの聖母」の祝日は、9月15日である。なお、「悲しみの金曜日」の祝日(en:Friday of Sorrows)にもいくつかのカトリックを信仰する国々において、「悲しみの聖母」への信心を行うこともある。

聖母マリアの七つの悲しみとは、聖母マリアの人生において起こった七つの出来事を指している。これは「聖母マリア 7つの悲しみの道行 」として一般的に普及している信心業であり、「聖母マリアの七つの悲しみ」の各シーンは、美術絵画としても頻繁に描かれるテーマである^[1] 。

七つの悲しみは、ロザリオの5つの玄義と混同すべきではない。

1. シメオンの予言 (ルカの福音書 2-34 35)
2. エジプトへの逃避 (マタイの福音書 2-13)
3. 幼子イエスをイエルサレム神殿で見失う (ルカの福音書 2-34 35)
4. 十字架の道行きでのイエスとの出会い
5. ゴルゴタの丘でのイエスの磔刑 (ヨハネの福音書 19:25)
6. イエスが脇腹を槍で突かれ、十字架から降ろされる(en:Descent from the Cross) (ヨハネの福音書 19-34 19-38)
7. アリマタヤのヨセフによるイエスの埋葬(en:Burial of Jesus) (ヨハネの福音書 19-40)

この信心業は、「主の祈り」を一回、それぞれの7つの玄義ごとに「アヴェマリアの祈り」を一回ずつ唱える。なお、この信心業の行い方は、カトリック教会において一般的に行われているものである。

1233年の比較的初期において、修道会・「聖母のしもべ会」(または「僕会」 en:Servite Order)が7人の若者たちによって現在のイタリア・トスカーナ州で設立された。その5年後には「十字架のもとに立った聖母の悲しみ」を自分たちの会の主な信心業とした^[2] 。

数世紀が過ぎ、マリアの悲しみを黙想する信心業がいくつか出来上がり、聖職者たちもこれを行った。「聖母のしもべ会」は「七つの悲しみのロザリオ 」と「聖母の七つの悲しみのスカプラリオ」(黒のスカプラリオ)という聖母の悲しみに対する信心業を普及させた。 Over the centuries several devotions, and even orders, arose around meditation on Mary's Sorrows in particular. The Servites developed the two most common devotions to Our Lady's Sorrows, namely the Rosary of the Seven Sorrows and the Black Scapular of the Seven Dolours of Mary. The Black Scapular is a symbol of the Confraternity of Our Lady of Sorrows, which is associated with the Servite Order.^[3] Most devotional scapulars have requirements regarding ornamentation or design. The devotion of the Black Scapular requires only that it be made of black woollen cloth.^[4]

On February 2, the same day as the Great Feast of the Meeting of the Lord, Orthodox Christians and Eastern Catholics commemorate a wonder-working icon of the Theotokos (Mother of God) known as "the Softening of Evil Hearts" or "Simeon's Prophecy".^{[5] [6]}

It depicts the Virgin Mary at the moment that Simeon the Righteous says, "Yea, a sword shall pierce through thy own soul also...." (Luke 2:35). She stands with her hands upraised in prayer, and seven swords pierce her heart, indicative of the seven sorrows.^[5] This is one of the few Orthodox icons of the Theotokos which do not depict the infant Jesus. The refrain "Rejoice, much-sorrowing Mother of God, turn our sorrows into joy and soften the hearts of evil men!" is also used.^[6]

The Feast of Our Lady of Sorrows grew in popularity in the 12th century, although under various titles. Some writings would place its roots in the eleventh century, especially among the Benedictine monks.^[7] The first altar to the Mater Dolorosa was set up in 1221 at the Cistercian monastery of Schönau.

The formal feast of the Our Lady of Sorrows was originated by a provincial synod of Cologne in 1423. It was designated for the Friday after the third Sunday after Easter and had the title: Commemoratio angustiae et doloris B. Mariae V. Its object was the sorrow of Mary during the Crucifixion and Death of Christ. Before the sixteenth century this feast was limited to the dioceses of North Germany, Scandinavia, and Scotland. ^[2]

According to Fr. William Saunders, "... in 1482, the feast was officially placed in the Roman Missal under the title of Our Lady of Compassion, highlighting the great love our Blessed Mother displayed in suffering with her Son. The word compassion derives from the Latin roots cum and patior which means "to suffer with".^[7]

After 1600 it became popular in France and was set for the Friday before Palm Sunday. By a Decree of 22 April 1727, Pope Benedict XIII extended it to the entire Latin Church, under the title "Septem dolorum B.M.V.".^[2] In 1954, it still held the rank of major double (slightly lower than the rank of the September feast) in the General Roman Calendar. Pope John XXIII's 1960 Code of Rubrics reduced it to the level of a commemoration.

In 1668 a second, separate feast was granted to the Servites, for the third Sunday in September. Its object of the seven dolours of Mary. By inserting the feast into the General Roman Calendar in 1814, Pope Pius VII extended the celebration to the whole of the Latin Church. It was assigned to the third Sunday in September. In 1913, Pope Pius X moved the feast to September 15, the day after the Feast of the Cross.^[8] It is still observed on that date.

In 1969 the Passion Week celebration was removed from the General Roman Calendar as a duplicate of the feast on 15 September.^[9] Each of the two celebrations had been called a feast of "The Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary" (Latin: Septem Dolorum Beatae Mariae Virginis) and included recitation of the Stabat Mater as a sequence. Since then, the 15 September feast that combines and continues both is known as the Feast of "Our Lady of Sorrows" (Latin: Beatae Mariae Virginis Perdolentis), and recitation of the Stabat Mater is optional.

Observance of the calendar as it stood in 1962 is still permitted as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, and even where the calendar as revised in 1969 is in use, some countries, such as Malta, have kept it in their national calendars. In every country, the 2002 edition of the Roman Missal provides an alternative collect for this Friday:^[10]

O God, who in this season
give your Church the grace
to imitate devoutly the Blessed Virgin Mary
in contemplating the Passion of Christ,
grant, we pray, through her intercession,
that we may cling more firmly each day
to your Only Begotten Son
and come at last to the fullness of his grace.

In some Mediterranean countries, parishioners traditionally carry statues of Our Lady of Sorrows in processions on the days leading to Good Friday.

Our Lady of Sorrows is the patron saint of:

• people named Dolores, Dolorita, and Pia.
• Poland, by Pontifical decree of Pope Paul VI
• Malta, on Friday of Sorrows, almost all parishes in Malta hold devotional penitentiary processions with a size like statue of Our Lady of Sorrows through the streets of the parish. During the procession, devotional Marian prayers are recited and lent songs are normally sung.
• Slovakia
• the Congregation of Holy Cross
• Order of the Servants of Mary
• Mola di Bari and the Molise region of Italy
• Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga, Queen and Patroness of the City and Province of Cavite, Philippines ^[11]
• Mississippi, United States
• Dolores, Abra, The Philippines
• Lanzarote, Canary Islands ^[12]
• Mater Dolorosa (Berlin-Lankwitz)
• Pinabacdao, Samar, Philippines
• Jia-an, Jiabong, Samar
• Ronda, Cebu, Philippines
• Tanawan, Bustos, Bulacan, Philippines

Churches:

• Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica ^[13]
• fr:Église Notre-Dame-des-Sept-Douleurs, Montreal, Canada
• Senhora das Dores Church, Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal
• Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, Montevideo
• St. Mary's Church (Fairfax Station, Virginia)

Our Lady of Sorrows, depicted as "Mater Dolorosa" (Mother of Sorrows) has been the subject of some key works of Roman Catholic Marian art. Mater Dolorosa is one of the three common artistic representations of a sorrowful Virgin Mary, the other two being Stabat Mater and Pietà .^[14]

In this iconography, Our Lady of Seven Sorrows is at times simply represented in a sad and anguished mode by herself, her expression being that of tears and sadness. In other representations the Virgin Mary is depicted with seven swords in her heart, a reference to the prophecy of Simeon at the Presentation.

• Madonna in Sorrow, by Titian, 1554
  Madonna in Sorrow, by Titian, 1554
• Madonna in Sorrow, by Juan de Juni, 1571
  Madonna in Sorrow, by Juan de Juni, 1571
• Mater dolorosa, by El Greco c. 1590
  Mater dolorosa, by El Greco c. 1590
• Dolorosa, Murillo, 1665
  Dolorosa, Murillo, 1665
• The Madonna in Sorrow by Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato, 17th century
  The Madonna in Sorrow by Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato, 17th century
• Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga, Philippines.
  Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga , Philippines.
• Our Lady of Sorrows, El Viso del Alcor, Seville, Spain.
  Our Lady of Sorrows, El Viso del Alcor, Seville, Spain.
• Sorrowful Mother of Warfhuizen, Warfhuizen, Netherlands
  Sorrowful Mother of Warfhuizen , Warfhuizen, Netherlands
• Nuestra Señora de Dolores, Metropolitan Cathedral of Chihuahua, Mexico
  Nuestra Señora de Dolores, Metropolitan Cathedral of Chihuahua, Mexico
• Our Lady of Sorrows, Saint Anne Parish, Molo, Iloilo City, Philippines (1875)
  Our Lady of Sorrows, Saint Anne Parish, Molo, Iloilo City, Philippines (1875)
• Mater Dolorosa, Masantol Pampanga, Philippines
  Mater Dolorosa, Masantol Pampanga, Philippines

• en:Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary
• en:Mission San Francisco de Asís
• en:Pietà
• en:Roman Catholic Marian art
• en:Scapular of the Seven Sorrows of Mary
• Seven Joys of Mary
• en:Sorrowful and Immaculate Heart of Mary
• en:Stabat Mater
• en:The Glories of Mary
• en:Friday before Good Friday

 この記事にはパブリックドメインである次の百科事典本文を含む: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Feasts of the Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.

• The Seven Sorrows of Mary, by Joel Giallanza, C.S.C. 2008, published by Ave Maria Press, ISBN 1-59471-176-3

• The Seven Sorrows Devotion

• Catholic holy days
• Virgin Mary in art
• Servite Order
• Titles of Mary
• September observances

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