涯

CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DAF

← 涮
[U+6DAE] CJK Unified Ideographs 涰 →
[U+6DB0]

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order
11 strokes

涯 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, Cangjie input 水一土土 (EMGG), four-corner 3111₄, composition ⿰氵厓 )

Derived characters

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𠽎𦹹

References

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Kangxi Dictionary: page 627, character 38
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17582
Dae Jaweon: page 1029, character 24
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1643, character 7
Unihan data for U+6DAF

Chinese

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simp. and trad.		涯
alternative forms		漄厓𪞢

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 涯
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (圭 ) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

Old Chinese
街	kreː, kreː
鞋	ɡreː, ɡreː, *ɡreː
娾	ŋreː, ŋreːʔ
佳	*kreː
鮭	ɡreː, kweː, *khweː
涯	ŋreː, ŋre
崖	ŋreː, ŋre
啀	*ŋreː
厓	*ŋreː
捱	*ŋreː
睚	*ŋreːs
娃	*qreː
洼	qreː, qwraː, *kweː
哇	qreː, qwraː
胿	ɡeː, kweː
溎	*qeːns
觟	*ɡwraːʔ
黊	ɡwraːʔ, ɡwreːs, *ɡweː
蘳	ɡwraːʔ, qhwe
蛙	qwraː, qwreː
窪	*qwraː
卦	*kwreːs
挂	*kwreːs
掛	*kwreːs
詿	kwreːs, ɡwreːs
罣	kwreːs, ɡwreːs, *kweːs
絓	khwreː, ɡwreːs
鼃	ɢwreː, qwreː
圭	*kweː
珪	*kweː
邽	*kweː
閨	*kweː
袿	*kweː
窐	kweː, ɡweː
茥	kweː, khweː
桂	*kweːs
筀	*kweːs
奎	*khweː
刲	*khweː
蝰	*khweː
楏	*khweː
睳	*qhweː
畦	*ɡweː
眭	ɡweː, sqhwe, qhwe, qhwi
烓	qweː, khweːŋʔ
跬	*khweʔ
恚	*qwes
硅	*qhwreɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声 , OC *ŋreː, *ŋre) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意 ): semantic 氵 ("water") + phonetic 厓 (OC *ŋreː, "cliff; to limit"). It represents a cliff by the water, conveying the meaning "riverbank" or "shore."^[1]

References

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^ Digital Shinjigen 2017

Etymology 1

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From a root *ŋ(ʕ)rar ("slope, nearly vertical side"), whence also 巘 (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), "hill"), 山 (OC *s-ŋrar, "mountain"), and 顏 (OC *C.ŋʕrar, "forehead") (Baxter & Sagart, 2014).

Same word as 崖 (yá, "cliff") and 睚 (yá, "rim (of the eye)") (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Mandarin
(Standard )
(Pinyin ): yá (ya² )

(Zhuyin ): ㄧㄚˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin ): ngai² / ya²

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin ): yái

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin ): yá
Cantonese (Jyutping ): ngaai⁴
Gan (Wiktionary ): nga⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS ): ngài

(Meixian, Guangdong ): ngai²
Jin (Wiktionary ): ia¹
Eastern Min (BUC ): ngài
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing ): ga²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ ): gâi / gâ

(Teochew, Peng'im ): ngai⁵
Wu (Wugniu )
- (Northern ): ⁶ya / ²ya / ²nga / ¹ia / ²ye / ²yi
- (Jinhua ): ²ua
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary ): ia²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese )⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin : yá
  - Zhuyin : ㄧㄚˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin : yá
  - Wade–Giles : ya²
  - Yale : yá
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh : ya
  - Palladius : я (ja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä35/
- (Chengdu )
  - Sichuanese Pinyin : ngai² / ya²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz : ngai / ia
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai21/, /ia21/
- (Xi'an )
  - Guanzhong Pinyin : yái
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iæ24/
- (Nanjing )
  - Nanjing Pinyin : yá
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): ya²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ia24/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong )
  - Jyutping : ngaai⁴
  - Yale : ngàaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin : ngaai⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization : ngai⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːi̯21/
Gan
- (Nanchang )
  - Wiktionary : nga⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋa35/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu )
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ : ngài
  - Hakka Romanization System : ngai^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim : ngai²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋai̯11/
- (Meixian )
  - Guangdong : ngai²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋaɪ11/
Jin
- (Taiyuan )⁺
  - Wiktionary : ia¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ia11/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou )
  - Bàng-uâ-cê : ngài
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai53/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Jiangkou, Nanri, Donghai )
  - Pouseng Ping'ing : ga²
  - Bán-uā-ci̍ : gá
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka13/
- (Xianyou, Youyang, Fengting )
  - Pouseng Ping'ing : ga²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka24/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien : Xiamen , Quanzhou , Zhangzhou , General Taiwanese )
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī : gâi
  - Tâi-lô : gâi
  - Phofsit Daibuun : gaai
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen , Quanzhou , Taipei ): /ɡai24/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou ): /ɡai13/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung ): /ɡai23/
- (Hokkien : Xiamen , Quanzhou )
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī : gâ
  - Tâi-lô : gâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun : gaa
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen , Quanzhou ): /ɡa24/
- (Teochew )
  - Peng'im : ngai⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai55/
Wu
- (Northern : Shanghai )
  - Wugniu : ⁶ya
  - MiniDict : ya^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhia
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai ): /ɦia23/
- (Northern : Jiading , Songjiang , Suzhou , Changzhou , Shaoxing , Ningbo , Zhoushan )
  - Wugniu : ²ya
  - MiniDict : ya^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading ): /ɦia31/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang ): /ɦiɑ31/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou ): /ɦiɑ223/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou ): /ɦia13/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing ): /ɦia231/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo ): /ɦia313/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan ): /ɦia22/
- (Northern : Jiading )
  - Wugniu : ²nga
  - MiniDict : nga^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading ): /ŋa31/
- (Northern : Chongming , Jiaxing )
  - Wugniu : ¹ia
  - MiniDict : ia^平
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming ): /ʔiɑ55/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing ): /ia53/
- (Northern : Hangzhou )
  - Wugniu : ²ye
  - MiniDict : ye^平
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou ): /ɦiɛ23/
- (Northern : Ningbo )
  - Wugniu : ²yi
  - MiniDict : yi^平
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo ): /ɦi313/
- (Jinhua )
  - Wugniu : ²ua
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua ): /uɑ313/

Note:

Ningbo:
- 2ya - literary;
- 2yi - vernacular.

Xiang
- (Changsha )
  - Wiktionary : ia²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i̯a̠13/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 涯
Mandarin	Beijing	/ia35/
	Harbin	/ia24/
	Tianjin	/iɑ45/
	Jinan	/iɛ42/
	Qingdao	/ia42/
	Zhengzhou	/ai42/
	Xi'an	/iai24/
	Xining	/ia24/
	Yinchuan	/ia53/
	Lanzhou	/ia53/
	Ürümqi	/ia51/
	Wuhan	/ia213/
	Chengdu	/ia53/
	Guiyang	/ia21/
	Kunming	/ia̠31/
	Nanjing	/iɑ24/
	Hefei	/ia55/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ia11/
	Pingyao	/ȵiɑ13/
	Hohhot	/ia31/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦia23/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɑ13/
	Hangzhou	/ɦie̞213/
	Wenzhou	/ŋa31/
Hui	Shexian	/ia31/
Hui	Tunxi	/ŋɔ44/
Xiang	Changsha	/ia13/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/iɒ12/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋai11/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋɑi11/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ŋai21/
	Nanning	/ŋai21/
	Hong Kong	/ŋai21/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/gai35/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋai53/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋa33/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ŋãi55/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/zai31/

Middle Chinese: ngje, ngea

Rime
Character	涯	涯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	支 (13)	佳 (31)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	魚羈切	五佳切
Baxter	ngje	ngea
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɣiᴇ/	/ŋɣɛ/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɯiɛ/	/ŋɯæ/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɛ/	/ŋæi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋjiə̆/	/ŋaɨj/
Li Rong	/ŋje/	/ŋɛ/
Wang Li	/ŋǐe/	/ŋai/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋie̯/	/ŋai/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yí	yá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁴	ngaai⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart ): /*ŋʕrar/

(Zhengzhang ): /*ŋreː/, /*ŋre/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	涯
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yá
Middle Chinese	‹ ngɛ ›
Old Chinese	/*ŋˁrar/
English	river bank; limit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	涯	涯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4535	4546
Phonetic component	圭	圭
Rime group	支	支
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	崖	宜
Old Chinese	/*ŋreː/	/*ŋre/

Definitions

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涯

(literary , or in compounds) bank; shore
(literary , or in compounds) limit; boundary; margin

Synonyms

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(limit):

edit

垠際 / 垠际 (yínjì) (literary)
墘頭 / 墘头 (Hokkien)
崖 (yá) (literary, or in compounds)
沿子 (yánzi)
沿邊 / 沿边 (yánbiān)
界線 / 界线 (jièxiàn)
端倪 (duānní) (literary)
邊 / 边 (biān)
邊墘 / 边墘 (Hokkien)
邊沿 / 边沿 (biānyán)
邊緣 / 边缘 (biānyuán)
邊脣 / 边唇 (Hakka)
邊角 / 边角 (biānjiǎo)
邊際 / 边际 (biānjì)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 涯 – see 𠊎 ("I; me; etc.").
(This character is a variant form of 𠊎 ).

References

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"涯", in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), "涯 (天〜)", in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 149.
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), "涯", in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 273.