Sunjo of Joseon
| Sunjo 순조 純祖 | |||||||||||||
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| Heavily damaged portrait of King Sunjo | |||||||||||||
| King of Joseon | |||||||||||||
| Reign | August 1800 – 13 December 1834 | ||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Jeongjo | ||||||||||||
| Successor | Heonjong | ||||||||||||
| Regent | Crown Prince Yi Yeong (1827–1830) | ||||||||||||
| Born | 29 July 1790 Jibokheon Hall, Changgyeonggung, Hanseong, Joseon | ||||||||||||
| Died | 13 December 1834(1834年12月13日) (aged 44) Hoesangjeon Hall, Gyeonghuigung, Hanseong, Joseon | ||||||||||||
| Burial | Illeung Mausoleum, Heonilleung, Seoul, South Korea | ||||||||||||
| Spouse(s) | |||||||||||||
| Issue among others... |
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| Clan | Jeonju Yi | ||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Yi | ||||||||||||
| Father | Jeongjo of Joseon | ||||||||||||
| Mother | Royal Noble Consort Su | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Korean Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism) | ||||||||||||
| Signature | |||||||||||||
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 순종, later 순조 |
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| Hanja | 純宗, later 純祖 |
| Revised Romanization | Sunjong, later Sunjo |
| McCune–Reischauer | Sunjong, later Sunjo |
| Birth name | |
| Hangul | 이공 |
| Hanja | 李玜 |
| Revised Romanization | I Gong |
| McCune–Reischauer | I Kong |
| Monarchs of Korea |
| Joseon monarchs |
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Taejo 1392–1398 Jeongjong 1398–1400 Taejong 1400–1418 Sejong 1418–1450 Munjong 1450–1452 Danjong 1452–1455 Sejo 1455–1468 Yejong 1468–1469 Seongjong 1469–1494 Yeonsangun 1494–1506 Jungjong 1506–1544 Injong 1544–1545 Myeongjong 1545–1567 Seonjo 1567–1608 Gwanghaegun 1608–1623 Injo 1623–1649 Hyojong 1649–1659 Hyeonjong 1659–1674 Sukjong 1674–1720 Gyeongjong 1720–1724 Yeongjo 1724–1776 Jeongjo 1776–1800 Sunjo 1800–1834 Heonjong 1834–1849 Cheoljong 1849–1864 Gojong 1864–1897 |
Sunjo (Korean: 순조; Hanja: 純祖; 29 July 1790 – 13 December 1834), personal name Yi Gong (이공; 李玜), was the 23rd monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of King Jeongjo by his concubine, Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam Park clan. His reign saw oppression against Catholics and his failed attempts at reforms which resulted in riots, notably by Hong Gyeong-nae in 1811.
Biography
[edit ]He was born with the title of His Royal Highness Prince Yi Gong on 29 July 1790 (18 June 1790 in lunar calendar). Upon the death of his father, King Jeongjo, Yi Gong ascended to the throne at age 10 on 4 July 1800, lunar calendar.
In 1802, aged 13, King Sunjo married Lady Kim, known posthumously as Queen Sunwon, daughter of Kim Jo-sun, who was a leader of the Andong Kim clan.
Since he ascended the throne at a young age, Queen Dowager Jeongsun, the second queen of King Yeongjo, ruled as queen regent, which allowed her to wield power over state affairs. Queen Jeongsun's influence was to such extent that during Sunjo's reign, the status of Lady Hyegyŏng, the mother of Jeongjo and the grandmother of Sunjo, became a point of contention. During Jeonjo's reign, Lady Hyegyŏng was treated with respect and as the mother of King Jeongjo despite the fact that Lady Hyegyŏng was married to Crown Prince Sado who had been forced to commit suicide during the reign of Yeongjo, which had greatly affected Hyegyeong's status due to the controversy surrounding Sado's suicide. Following Sunjo's ascension, her status was lowered and despite Sunjo's efforts to reverse this later in his reign, they were unsuccessful.[2]
Despite King Sunjo's efforts to reform politics, the fundamental principles of government deteriorated. The state examination became disordered and corruption in the government personnel administration prevailed. This resulted in disorder in society and various riots broke out among the people, including the revolt by Hong Gyeong-nae in 1811–1812.[3] The Ogajaktongbeop (五家作統法), a census registration system to group five houses as one unit, was carried out in this period, and oppression against Catholicism began in earnest.[4]
In 1811 the last diplomatic envoys were sent by Korea to Japan. Based on records of that trip, a reconstruction of the diplomatic vessel has been made for the National Maritime Museum of Korea.
King Sunjo died after reigning for 35 years in 1834 at the age of 44. He was first buried next to Jangneung, Paju, the tomb of King Injo and Queen Inryeol but later moved to Illeung, Seoul as the Feng Shui at the old site was deemed to be unfavourable.[5]
Family
[edit ]
- Father: King Jeongjo of Joseon (조선의 정조; 28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800)
- Grandfather: King Jangjo of Joseon (조선의 장조; 13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762)
- Grandmother: Queen Heongyeong of the Pungsan Hong clan (헌경왕후 홍씨; 6 August 1735 – 13 January 1816)
- Mother: Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam Park clan (수빈 박씨; 8 May 1770 – 26 December 1822)
- Grandfather: Park Jun-won (박준원; 1739–1807)
- Grandmother: Lady Won of the Wonju Won clan (원주 원씨; 1740–1783)
Consort(s) and their respective issue
- Queen Sunwon of the Andong Kim clan (순원 왕후 안동 김씨; 8 August 1789 – 21 September 1857)
- Yi Yeong, Crown Prince Hyomyeong (이영 효명세자; 18 September 1809 – 25 June 1830), first son
- Princess Myeongon (명온공주; 1810–1832), first daughter
- Princess Bokon (복온공주; 1818–1832), third daughter
- Second son (1820–1820)
- Princess Deokon (덕온공주; 1822–1844), fourth daughter
- Yi Byeon, King Cheoljong of Joseon (조선의 철종 이변; 25 July 1831 – 16 January 1864), adopted son[a]
- Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Miryang Park clan (숙의 박씨; 1791 – 1854)
- Princess Yeongon (영온옹주; 1817–1829), second daughter
Ancestry
[edit ]| Ancestors of Sunjo of Joseon |
|---|
16. King Sukjong 8. King Yeongjo 17. Royal Noble Consort Sook of the Choi Clan 18. Lee Yoo-beon 19. Lady Kim 2. King Jeongjo 20. Hong Hyeon-bo 10. Minister Hong Bong-han Lady Im of the Pungcheon Im clan 22. Yi Jib 11. Lady Yi of the Hansan Yi clan 23. Lady Yu of the Gigye Yu clan 1. Yi Gong, King Sunjo 6. Park Jun-won 7. Lady Won of the Wonju Won clan |
In popular culture
[edit ]- Portrayed by Kim Seung-soo in the 2016 KBS2 TV series Love in the Moonlight .
See also
[edit ]Notes
[edit ]- ^ Biological son of Grand Internal Prince Jeongye and Grand Internal Princess Consort Yongseong.
References
[edit ]- ^ Bestowed in 1834 and 1857, respectively.
- ^ Lim, Hye Ryun (September 2015). "The changes of Hyegyonggung`s status at the time of King Yeongjo`s reign to King Sunjo`s one". 조선시대사학회. 74.
- ^ Seok Hwa, Kang (2022). "A Study on the Progress for the Jungju Castle Battle occurred in 1812 and the Comparison of the Capabilities of the Government Forces with the Rebel Armies". Korea Journal Central. 124. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ "Cultural Heritage, the source for Koreans' Strength and Dream". Cultural Heritage Administration . Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ "Heonilleung Royal Tomb Seoul, Korea". Exploring Korea. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
Sunjo of Joseon Born: 1790 Died: 1834
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| Preceded by | King of Joseon 1800–1834 with Queen Jeongsun (1800–1805) |
Succeeded by |
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