Kullui
| Kullui | |
|---|---|
| 𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚃, कुळूई, kuḷūī | |
| Kuḷūī written in Takri Script | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Himachal Pradesh |
Native speakers | 196,295 (2011)[1] |
| Takri, Devanagari | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kfx |
| Glottolog | kull1236 |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Kullui (Kullū, also known as Kulvi, Takri: 𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚃/𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚦𑚯) is a dialect of Himachali language spoken in the Kullu District of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.
Phonology
[edit ]Consonants
[edit ]| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p ph |
b bɦ |
t̪ t̪h |
d̪ d̪ɦ |
ʈ ʈh |
ɖ ɖɦ |
k kh |
ɡ ɡɦ |
ʔ | ||||
| Affricate | ts tsh |
dz dzɦ |
c͡ç c͡çh |
ɟ͡ʝ ɟ͡ʝɦ |
|||||||||
| Fricative | s | ɕ | ħ | ɦ | |||||||||
| Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||
| Trill/Flap | r | ɽ | |||||||||||
| Lateral | l | ɭ | |||||||||||
| Approximant | j | ||||||||||||
For the stops and affricates there is a four-way distinction in phonation between tenuis /p/, voiced /b/, aspirated /ph/ and breathy voiced /bɦ/ series. Thakur (1975, pp. 175–8) lists as separate phonemes aspirated correlates of /ŋ/, /n/, /m/, /j/, /r/, /ɽ/, /l/ and /ɭ/, but describes the aspiration as a voiceless pharyngeal friction. /n̪/ is dental, but becomes alveolar if the next syllable contains a retroflex consonant. /ŋ/ and /ɲ/ are rare, but contrast with the other nasals word-medially between vowels. /ɳ/, /ɭ/ and /ɽ/, together with their aspirated correlates, don't occur in the beginning of words.[2] The glottal stop occurs only between a vowel and /ɳ/, /n/, /r/ or /l/, e.g. [kɑːʔɭ] "a trumpet", which contrasts with [kɑːɭ] "famine". The pharyngeal fricative /ħ/ historically derives from /s/ and occurs word-finally, e.g. [ɡɦɑːħ] "grass", [biːħ] "twenty".[3]
Script
[edit ]The native script of the language is a variety of the Takri script.
Status
[edit ]The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali.[citation needed ] The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Kulluvi children are not learning Kulluvi as their mother tongue any longer.[4]
Notes
[edit ]- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018年07月07日.
- ^ Thakur 1975, p. 180. An exception is the word [ɽəbɑːɳɑː] "to throw".
- ^ Thakur 1975, p. 181.
- ^ "Endangered languages".
Bibliography
[edit ]- Thakur, Mauluram (1975), Pahāṛī bhāṣā, Delhi: Sanmarg Prakashan
External links
[edit ]- Pahari-languages.ru, a Kullui documentation project