Kalkoti language
| Kalkoti | |
|---|---|
| کلکوٹی / کھلکوٹی / کھعلکوٹی | |
| Pronunciation | [khælkoːʈ] |
| Native to | Pakistan |
| Region | Kalkot Tehsil |
Native speakers | 6,000 (2018)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xka |
| Glottolog | kalk1245 |
Kalkoti, also known as Goedijaa,[3] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Kalkot Tehsil, in the Upper Dir district in Pakistan.[4]
Phonology
[edit ]The following tables outline the phonology of Kalkoti.[5]
Vowels
[edit ]| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | ɪ~i(ː) | ʊ~u(ː) |
| Mid | eː | oː |
| Open | ə~æ(ː)~aː | ɑ(ː)~ɒ(ː) |
Short vowels are slightly centralized; nasalization of vowels may be phonemic.[5]
Consonants
[edit ]| Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ(?) | ŋ(?) | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | q | ʔ(?) |
| aspirated | ph | th | ʈh(?) | kh | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | tʂ | tʃ | |||
| aspirated | tʂh(?) | tʃh | |||||
| voiced | dʒ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f) | s | ʂ | ʃ | x | |
| voiced | z | ɣ | |||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Flap | ɾ | ɽ(?) | |||||
| Approximant | ʋ | j | |||||
The phonemes /q, ʦ, x, z, ɣ, ɽ/ have likely been introduced by loanwords. The voiceless aspirate series is secure, and, unlike the neighboring Palula language, Kalkoti does not have a breathy voiced series. The phonemic status of /ʔ/ is unclear and is likely tied to tone in Kalkoti.
Tone
[edit ]Kalkoti's system of tone likely was similar to Shina's two tone system; however, under pressure from its Kohistani neighbors it may now have a more complex tone inventory.[5]
References
[edit ]- ^ Kalkoti at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
- ^ a b Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023年07月10日). "Glottolog 4.8 - Dangari". Glottolog . Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962 . Archived from the original on 2023年11月06日. Retrieved 2023年11月05日.
- ^ Liljegren 2013, p. 129.
- ^ Frawley, William (May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.
- ^ a b c Liljegren 2013, pp. 134–44.
Bibliography
[edit ]- Liljegren, Henrik (2013). "Notes on Kalkoti: A Shina Language with Strong Kohistani Influence". Linguistic Discovery. 11 (1): 129–160. doi:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.423 . ISSN 1537-0852.
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