Chiru language
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| Chiru | |
|---|---|
| Rem | |
| Rem | |
| Chiru written in Meitei script | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Manipur |
| Ethnicity | Chiru people |
Native speakers | 8,599 (2011)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cdf |
| Glottolog | chir1283 |
| ELP | Chiru |
Chiru is a Kuki-Chin language spoken mostly in Manipur. The Chiru population numbers approximately 8,599. It is an endangered spoken in three districts of Manipur: Senapati, Noney district of Manipur and Cachar district of Assam. Chiru has been recognized as a Scheduled Tribe of Manipur by the government of India since 1956 under "The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, Act No. 63 of 1956" Dated 25 September 1956. The total population of the native speakers of Chiru is only 8599 (Census of India: 2011). The native speakers have high proficiency in Meitei language. The language is neither used in schools nor in radio or mass media. Older people read and write in Meitei language (Manipuri language). The younger generation of Chiru speakers prefers Roman script.
The speakers of this language use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.[2]
The Chirus are one of the earliest inhabitants of Manipur and Assam. Cheitharol Kumbaba, the Royal Chronicle of Manipur mentioned that King Meidingu Chalamba defeated the Chirus in 1554. This proves that the Chirus had settled in Manipur long before this period. It was also mentioned in the Royal Chronicles of Manipur that an incidence of Meitei King's incursion on Nungsai Chiru Village occurred on 22nd day of Wakching (December–January) 1729 during the reign of Maharaja Garibniwaz (Cheitharol Kumbaba: 1989:90). In spite of the considerably long period of their settlement in the two states (Manipur and Assam), the population of Chiru native speakers is shockingly very low. The growth rate of their population was extremely steady. This might be due to high mortality rate and low birth rate in the previous centuries.
The domain of language use for Chiru is very limited. The usage of Chiru by Chiru native speakers is specifically confined only at home domain and within the community among the native speakers. The language proficiency of Chiru native speakers ranges from bilingual to multilingual. The native speakers in Manipur have high proficiency in Meitei language (Manipuri language) and those in Assam have high proficiency in Hmar, Meitei language and Sylheti Bengali. Chiru speakers in Manipur generally speak Meitei language, Hindi or English while those of Assam speak Hmar, Sylheti Bengali, Meitei language or Hindi at the time of interaction with non-Chiru speakers. The Chiru native speakers in Manipur usually speak either Meitei language or Hindi in the market place, office etc. Moreover, they also speak Paior Thwhen they interact with, and speakers respectively. On the other hand, Chiru speakers of Assam speak Sylheti Bengali, Meitei language or Hmar in the market places, offices or anywhere outside home domain. It is painful to mention that Chiru of Assam has not been recognized by the government of Assam. They are rather recognized as Hmar. Chiru is neither used in schools nor in radio or mass media. Even the children normally become bilingual at the minimum age of 5 since they acquire the second language in schools.[3]
Geographical distribution
[edit ]Chiru is spoken in the following locations of Northeast India (Ethnologue ).[4]
- Manipur
- Tamenglong district: Lamdangmei and Dolang villages
- Kangpokpi district: Kangchup, Thangzing, Sadu (Thangthilon), Bungte, Nungsai, Dolang Khunou, and Uran villages
- Churachandpur district: Charoi Khullen village
- Thoubal district: Waithou Chiru
- Bishnupur district
- Assam: Budon Village, Cachar district (a village near Jiribam)
- Nagaland (scattered)
Phonology
[edit ]Consonants
[edit ]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | Tenuis | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| Aspirated | ph | th | kh | |||
| Voiced | b | d | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Fricative | Voiceless | s | h | |||
| Voiced | v | z | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||
Vowels
[edit ]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ə | ɔ |
| Open | a |
- /ə/ does not occur in the final position.[7]
- All other vowels can occur in initial, medial, and final positions.[8]
- Chiru also has six diphthongs: /ai̯/, /ei̯/, /ɛi̯/, /ɔi̯/, /oi̯/, and /ui̯/.[9]
- /ɛi̯/ and /oi̯/ do not occur word-initially.[10]
Tone
[edit ]Chiru has two register tones: low and high.[11]
See also
[edit ]Notes
[edit ]- ^ Chiru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Meitei at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
- ^ Awan, Mechek Sampar; Kim, Mary (2018). Nature and Extent of Endangerment in Chiru. 6th International Conference on Endangered and Lesser-Known Languages, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru.
- ^ Awan, Mechek Sampar (October 2014). "Segmental Phonology of Chiru" (PDF). Language in India. 14 (10). ISSN 1930-2940.
- ^ Awan 2017, p. 70.
- ^ Awan 2017, p. 56.
- ^ Awan 2017, p. 60.
- ^ Awan 2017, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Awan 2017, p. 57.
- ^ Awan 2017, p. 69.
- ^ Awan 2017, p. 91-92.
References
[edit ]- Awan, Mechek Sampar (2017). Phonology and Morphology of Chiru (PhD thesis). Silchar: Assam University. hdl:10603/369122.
Further reading
[edit ]- Awan, Mechek Sampar (2019). "Agreement system in Chiru". Himalayan Linguistics. 18 (1): 78–90. doi:10.5070/H918143310 .
- Haokip, Pauthang (2011). "The languages of Manipur: A case study of the Kuki-Chin languages". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 34 (1): 85–118.
- Singh, Salam Brojen (2007). Chiru Grammar (Thesis). Canchipur: Manipur University.
- Singh, Shailendra Kumar; Suantak, Khawlsonkim (2011). "Epilogue". In Singh, Shailendra Kumar (ed.). Linguistic Ecology: Manipur. Guwahati: EBH Publishers. pp. 285–292. ISBN 9789380261508. OCLC 777343488.
