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namespace std {
 template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
 class basic_filebuf;
 using filebuf = basic_filebuf<char>;
 using wfilebuf = basic_filebuf<wchar_t>;
 
 template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
 class basic_ifstream;
 using ifstream = basic_ifstream<char>;
 using wifstream = basic_ifstream<wchar_t>;
 
 template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
 class basic_ofstream;
 using ofstream = basic_ofstream<char>;
 using wofstream = basic_ofstream<wchar_t>;
 
 template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
 class basic_fstream;
 using fstream = basic_fstream<char>;
 using wfstream = basic_fstream<wchar_t>;
}

namespace std {
 template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
 class basic_filebuf : public basic_streambuf<CharT, Traits> {
 public:
 using char_type = CharT;
 using int_type = typename Traits::int_type;
 using pos_type = typename Traits::pos_type;
 using off_type = typename Traits::off_type;
 using traits_type = Traits;
 
 // constructors/destructor
 basic_filebuf();
 basic_filebuf(const basic_filebuf&) = delete;
 basic_filebuf(basic_filebuf&& rhs);
 virtual ~basic_filebuf();
 
 // assign and swap
 basic_filebuf& operator=(const basic_filebuf&) = delete;
 basic_filebuf& operator=(basic_filebuf&& rhs);
 void swap(basic_filebuf& rhs);
 
 // members
 bool is_open() const;
 basic_filebuf* open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode);
 basic_filebuf* open(const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
 ios_base::openmode mode); // wide systems only
 basic_filebuf* open(const string& s,
 ios_base::openmode mode);
 basic_filebuf* open(const filesystem::path& s,
 ios_base::openmode mode);
 basic_filebuf* close();
 
 protected:
 // overridden virtual functions
 streamsize showmanyc() override;
 int_type underflow() override;
 int_type uflow() override;
 int_type pbackfail(int_type c = Traits::eof()) override;
 int_type overflow (int_type c = Traits::eof()) override;
 
 basic_streambuf<CharT, Traits>* setbuf(char_type* s,
 streamsize n) override;
 pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
 ios_base::openmode which
 = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
 pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
 ios_base::openmode which
 = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
 int sync() override;
 void imbue(const locale& loc) override;
 };
 
 template<class CharT, class Traits>
 void swap(basic_filebuf<CharT, Traits>& x,
 basic_filebuf<CharT, Traits>& y);
}

namespace std {
 template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
 class basic_ifstream : public basic_istream<CharT, Traits> {
 public:
 using char_type = CharT;
 using int_type = typename Traits::int_type;
 using pos_type = typename Traits::pos_type;
 using off_type = typename Traits::off_type;
 using traits_type = Traits;
 
 // constructors
 basic_ifstream();
 explicit basic_ifstream(const char* s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
 explicit basic_ifstream(const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);// wide systems only
 explicit basic_ifstream(const string& s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
 explicit basic_ifstream(const filesystem::path& s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
 basic_ifstream(const basic_ifstream&) = delete;
 basic_ifstream(basic_ifstream&& rhs);
 
 // assign and swap
 basic_ifstream& operator=(const basic_ifstream&) = delete;
 basic_ifstream& operator=(basic_ifstream&& rhs);
 void swap(basic_ifstream& rhs);
 
 // members
 basic_filebuf<CharT, Traits>* rdbuf() const;
 
 bool is_open() const;
 void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
 void open(const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in); // wide systems only
 void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
 void open(const filesystem::path& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
 void close();
 private:
 basic_filebuf<CharT, Traits> sb; // exposition only
 };
 
 template<class CharT, class Traits>
 void swap(basic_ifstream<CharT, Traits>& x,
 basic_ifstream<CharT, Traits>& y);
}

namespace std {
 template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
 class basic_ofstream : public basic_ostream<CharT, Traits> {
 public:
 using char_type = CharT;
 using int_type = typename Traits::int_type;
 using pos_type = typename Traits::pos_type;
 using off_type = typename Traits::off_type;
 using traits_type = Traits;
 
 // constructors
 basic_ofstream();
 explicit basic_ofstream(const char* s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
 explicit basic_ofstream(const filesystem::path::value_type* s, // wide systems only
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
 explicit basic_ofstream(const string& s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
 explicit basic_ofstream(const filesystem::path& s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
 basic_ofstream(const basic_ofstream&) = delete;
 basic_ofstream(basic_ofstream&& rhs);
 
 // assign and swap
 basic_ofstream& operator=(const basic_ofstream&) = delete;
 basic_ofstream& operator=(basic_ofstream&& rhs);
 void swap(basic_ofstream& rhs);
 
 // members
 basic_filebuf<CharT, Traits>* rdbuf() const;
 
 bool is_open() const;
 void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
 void open(const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); // wide systems only
 void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
 void open(const filesystem::path& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
 void close();
 private:
 basic_filebuf<CharT, Traits> sb; // exposition only
 };
 
 template<class CharT, class Traits>
 void swap(basic_ofstream<CharT, Traits>& x,
 basic_ofstream<CharT, Traits>& y);
}

namespace std {
 template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
 class basic_fstream : public basic_iostream<CharT, Traits> {
 public:
 using char_type = CharT;
 using int_type = typename Traits::int_type;
 using pos_type = typename Traits::pos_type;
 using off_type = typename Traits::off_type;
 using traits_type = Traits;
 
 // constructors
 basic_fstream();
 explicit basic_fstream(
 const char* s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
 explicit basic_fstream(
 const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); // wide systems only
 explicit basic_fstream(
 const string& s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
 explicit basic_fstream(
 const filesystem::path& s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
 basic_fstream(const basic_fstream&) = delete;
 basic_fstream(basic_fstream&& rhs);
 
 // assign and swap
 basic_fstream& operator=(const basic_fstream&) = delete;
 basic_fstream& operator=(basic_fstream&& rhs);
 void swap(basic_fstream& rhs);
 
 // members
 basic_filebuf<CharT, Traits>* rdbuf() const;
 bool is_open() const;
 void open(
 const char* s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
 void open(
 const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); // wide systems only
 void open(
 const string& s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
 void open(
 const filesystem::path& s,
 ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
 void close();
 
 private:
 basic_filebuf<CharT, Traits> sb; // exposition only
 };
 
 template<class CharT, class Traits>
 void swap(basic_fstream<CharT, Traits>& x,
 basic_fstream<CharT, Traits>& y);
}