A strength test for the strong
force. Sarah Charley (Symmetry, 2017年03月10日)
Who proposed the
color charge? (StackExchange, 2017年07月12日)
Fundamental forces
by Rod Nave (Hyperphysics).
The Quark Model (11:55)
by Murray Gell-Mann (1990).
Quarks & the Magic of Gauge Theory (12:35)
by Murray Gell-Mann (2011).
The Standard Model (8:12)
by Don Lincoln (Fermilab, 2012年10月08日).
The Strong Nuclear Force (5:05)
by Don Lincoln (Fermilab, 2016年05月24日).
Quarks in Four Minutes (4:18)
by Diana Cowern (Physics Girl, 2015年06月26日).
In 1968, James D. Bjorken (1934-)
found the first convincing evidence of the composite nature of hadrons in
deep inelastic scattering expriments.
The components were called partons by Richard Feynman
and are now known as quarks, antiquarks and gluons.
Supervised by Sydney Drell (1926-2016),
Bjorken conjectured that those particles behave in the main like free particles with respect to
high-momentum exchanges. An idea on which Feynman insisted as he presented his parton model
and which would eventually become known as asymptotic freedom (an expression
coined by Gross and Wilczek in 1973).
The term "quark" was famously coined by Murray Gell-Mann.
The word "gluon" was first used by Edward Teller (1908-2003)
for something entirely different.
Asymptotic freedom was the cornerstone of the theory of strong nuclear interactions for which the
2004 Nobel prize in physics
was awarded to
David Gross (1941-) and
Frank Wilczek (1951-)
along with
David Politzer (1949-)
who came to the same conclusions independently.
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Yoichiro Nambu (1921-2015) | Moo-Young Han (1934-2016) | Oscar Greenberg (1932-)
When Gell-Mann later introduced quarks as constituents of all observable hadrons, p; he remarked in jest that the hadronic bootstrap principle still holds: No observable hadron is more elementary than any other (vacuously so, since none of them are elementary). Gell-Mann liked the bootstrap principle but remarked that it need not be confined to a purported opposition between QFT and dispersion methods (S-matrix theory).
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S-Matrix
|
Bootstrap model (1961)
|
Geoffrey Chew
(1924-; Ph.D. 1948)
|
Steve Frautschi (1933-)
New
discoveries using bootstrap by Natalie Wolchover (Quanta, 2017年02月23日).
The bootstrap theory (2:20)
by Murray Gell-Mann (1998).
The Gell-Mann matrices are to SU(3) what Pauli matrices are to SU(2).
Gell-Mann had tried to brute-force his way into a suitable group with up to 7 generators during his 1959-60 stay at the Collège de France, especially in the fall of 1959.
In the Fall of 1960, Dick Block (Richard Earl Block, b. 1931, Ph.D. 1956) was a young assistant professor of mathematics at Caltech, who had recently completed his Ph.D. dissertation on Lie Algebras at Chicago, under A. Adrian Albert (1905-1972). Block pointed out to Gell-Mann that he was re-inventing the wheel: The problem was about simple Lie groups in canonical form and the solution was well-known...
Therefrom came Gell-Mann's interest in SU(3) which worked beautifully [sic]. Gell-Mann was the first to call gluons the 8 vector bosons associated to the above generators (the word itself had been introduced by Edward Teller (1908-2003) in an unrelated context).
At the time, George Zweig (1937-) was working at CERN, just after getting his doctorate, on a similar scheme based on four aces rather than three quarks.
Yuval Ne'eman (1925-2006) also came to the same conclusion around the same time, as he obtained his Ph.D. under Abdus Salam (1926-1996) at Imperial College London (Ne'eman was military attaché at the nearby Israeli embassy).
The discovery of the W-, in February 1964, can be construed as the experimental confirmation of SU(3) symmetry in hadrons. Both Gell-Mann and Ne'eman were involved. This paved the way for the quark proposal shortly thereafter.
Noble Eightfold Path (Buddhism)
|
Gell-Mann matrices
Groping for SU(3) (4:02)
by Murray Gell-Mann (1998).
Most-Cited Rewritten Eightfold-Way Paper of 1962 (3:53)
by Murray Gell-Mann (1998).
Numericana : Pauli matrices
| Laws of Nature
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Murray Gell-Mann (1929-2019) | Harald Fritzsch (1943-) | George Zweig (1937-)
This was the first direct experimental evidence for quarks.
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Nobel 1990 | Henry W. Kendall (1926-1999) | Richard E. Taylor (1929-2018) | Jerome I. Friedman (1930-)
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Nobel 1999 | Martinus Veltman (1931-1921) | Gerard 't Hooft (1946-)
The principle is also valid for weak interactions but it's far more noticeable with high-energy strong interactions. (A quark of one flavor can transform into a quark of another flavor only through a weak interaction.)
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David Gross (1941-)
|
H. David Politzer (1949-)
|
Frank Wilczek (1951-)
|
Nobel 2004
Asymptotic freedom (2:03)
by Murray Gell-Mann (1998).
Quantum Chromodynamics (11:45)
by David Gross (2014年07月24日).
Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (28:25)
by David Gross 2009年04月29日).
Frank Wilczek (1:22:47)
The Accent Podcast (2023年03月25日).
