std::unique_ptr
<memory>
class T,
class Deleter = std::default_delete <T>
class T,
class Deleter
std::unique_ptr
is a smart pointer that owns (is responsible for) and manages another object via a pointer and subsequently disposes of that object when the unique_ptr
goes out of scope.
The object is disposed of, using the associated deleter, when either of the following happens:
- the managing
unique_ptr
object is destroyed. - the managing
unique_ptr
object is assigned another pointer via operator= or reset() .
The object is disposed of, using a potentially user-supplied deleter, by calling get_deleter()(ptr). The default deleter (std::default_delete
) uses the delete operator, which destroys the object and deallocates the memory.
A unique_ptr
may alternatively own no object, in which case it is described as empty.
There are two versions of unique_ptr
:
- Manages a single object (e.g., allocated with new).
- Manages a dynamically-allocated array of objects (e.g., allocated with new[]).
The class satisfies the requirements of MoveConstructible and MoveAssignable, but of neither CopyConstructible nor CopyAssignable.
If T*
was not a valid type (e.g., T
is a reference type), a program that instantiates the definition of std::unique_ptr<T, Deleter> is ill-formed.
Deleter
must be FunctionObject or lvalue reference to a FunctionObject or lvalue reference to function, callable with an argument of type unique_ptr<T, Deleter>::pointer.
Contents
[edit] Notes
Only non-const unique_ptr
can transfer the ownership of the managed object to another unique_ptr
. If an object's lifetime is managed by a const std::unique_ptr, it is limited to the scope in which the pointer was created.
unique_ptr
is commonly used to manage the lifetime of objects, including:
- providing exception safety to classes and functions that handle objects with dynamic lifetime, by guaranteeing deletion on both normal exit and exit through exception.
- passing ownership of uniquely-owned objects with dynamic lifetime into functions.
- acquiring ownership of uniquely-owned objects with dynamic lifetime from functions.
- as the element type in move-aware containers, such as std::vector , which hold pointers to dynamically-allocated objects (e.g. if polymorphic behavior is desired).
unique_ptr
may be constructed for an incomplete type T
, such as to facilitate the use as a handle in the pImpl idiom. If the default deleter is used, T
must be complete at the point in code where the deleter is invoked, which happens in the destructor, move assignment operator, and reset
member function of unique_ptr
. (In contrast, std::shared_ptr cannot be constructed from a raw pointer to incomplete type, but can be destroyed where T
is incomplete). Note that if T
is a class template specialization, use of unique_ptr
as an operand, e.g. !p requires T
's parameters to be complete due to ADL.
If T
is a derived class of some base B
, then unique_ptr<T> is implicitly convertible to unique_ptr<B>. The default deleter of the resulting unique_ptr<B> will use operator delete for B
, leading to undefined behavior unless the destructor of B
is virtual. Note that std::shared_ptr behaves differently: std::shared_ptr <B> will use the operator delete for the type T
and the owned object will be deleted correctly even if the destructor of B
is not virtual.
Unlike std::shared_ptr , unique_ptr
may manage an object through any custom handle type that satisfies NullablePointer. This allows, for example, managing objects located in shared memory, by supplying a Deleter
that defines typedef boost::offset_ptr pointer;
or another fancy pointer.
Feature-test macro | Value | Std | Feature |
---|---|---|---|
__cpp_lib_constexpr_memory |
202202L |
(C++23) | constexpr std::unique_ptr
|
[edit] Nested types
T*
. Must satisfy NullablePointer
T
, the type of the object managed by this unique_ptr
Deleter
, the function object or lvalue reference to function or to function object, to be called from the destructor
[edit] Member functions
Modifiers
Observers
(public member function) [edit]
Single-object version, unique_ptr<T>
Array version, unique_ptr<T[]>
[edit] Non-member functions
[edit] Helper classes
[edit] Example
#include <cassert> #include <cstdio> #include <fstream> #include <iostream> #include <locale> #include <memory> #include <stdexcept> // helper class for runtime polymorphism demo below struct B { virtual ~B() = default; virtual void bar() { std::cout << "B::bar\n"; } }; struct D : B { D() { std::cout << "D::D\n"; } ~D() { std::cout << "D::~D\n"; } void bar() override { std::cout << "D::bar\n"; } }; // a function consuming a unique_ptr can take it by value or by rvalue reference std::unique_ptr<D> pass_through(std::unique_ptr<D> p) { p->bar(); return p; } // helper function for the custom deleter demo below void close_file(std::FILE * fp) { std::fclose (fp); } // unique_ptr-based linked list demo struct List { struct Node { int data; std::unique_ptr<Node> next; }; std::unique_ptr<Node> head; ~List() { // destroy list nodes sequentially in a loop, the default destructor // would have invoked its "next"'s destructor recursively, which would // cause stack overflow for sufficiently large lists. while (head) { auto next = std::move(head->next); head = std::move(next); } } void push(int data) { head = std::unique_ptr<Node>(new Node{data, std::move(head)}); } }; int main() { std::cout << "1) Unique ownership semantics demo\n"; { // Create a (uniquely owned) resource std::unique_ptr<D> p = std::make_unique <D>(); // Transfer ownership to "pass_through", // which in turn transfers ownership back through the return value std::unique_ptr<D> q = pass_through(std::move(p)); // "p" is now in a moved-from 'empty' state, equal to nullptr assert (!p); } std::cout << "\n" "2) Runtime polymorphism demo\n"; { // Create a derived resource and point to it via base type std::unique_ptr<B> p = std::make_unique <D>(); // Dynamic dispatch works as expected p->bar(); } std::cout << "\n" "3) Custom deleter demo\n"; std::ofstream ("demo.txt") << 'x'; // prepare the file to read { using unique_file_t = std::unique_ptr<std::FILE, decltype(&close_file)>; unique_file_t fp(std::fopen ("demo.txt", "r"), &close_file); if (fp) std::cout << char(std::fgetc (fp.get())) << '\n'; } // "close_file()" called here (if "fp" is not null) std::cout << "\n" "4) Custom lambda expression deleter and exception safety demo\n"; try { std::unique_ptr<D, void(*)(D*)> p(new D, [](D* ptr) { std::cout << "destroying from a custom deleter...\n"; delete ptr; }); throw std::runtime_error (""); // "p" would leak here if it were a plain pointer } catch (const std::exception &) { std::cout << "Caught exception\n"; } std::cout << "\n" "5) Array form of unique_ptr demo\n"; { std::unique_ptr<D[]> p(new D[3]); } // "D::~D()" is called 3 times std::cout << "\n" "6) Linked list demo\n"; { List wall; const int enough{1'000'000}; for (int beer = 0; beer != enough; ++beer) wall.push(beer); std::cout.imbue(std::locale ("en_US.UTF-8")); std::cout << enough << " bottles of beer on the wall...\n"; } // destroys all the beers }
Possible output:
1) Unique ownership semantics demo D::D D::bar D::~D 2) Runtime polymorphism demo D::D D::bar D::~D 3) Custom deleter demo x 4) Custom lambda-expression deleter and exception safety demo D::D destroying from a custom deleter... D::~D Caught exception 5) Array form of unique_ptr demo D::D D::D D::D D::~D D::~D D::~D 6) Linked list demo 1,000,000 bottles of beer on the wall...
[edit] Defect reports
The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
DR | Applied to | Behavior as published | Correct behavior |
---|---|---|---|
LWG 4144 | C++11 | T* was not required to form a valid type
|
required |
[edit] See also
(class template) [edit]