National Institute of Population and Social Security Research

●くろまる Reconstructing long-term series statistics on causes of death (E.g.: heart disease)

In general, when the ICD* is revised it becomes a completely separate system and the figures have no continuity. For example, there is a discontinuity in the number of deaths due to heart disease from 1993 to 1995 when looking at the number of deaths due to heart disease in Japan. This seems to be due to the influence of the WHO’s recommendation to "not record only heart failure and other ailments ‘heart failure’ as the condition just before death" and due to the revision of the ICD (introduction of ICD-10). Therefore, an attempt to rearrange the statistics based on the old classification into a classification based on ICD-10 has been made by the Human Cause-of-Death Database (HCD). This project has cooperated with HCD.
Rearranged data for 1981 to 2011 use a simple classification of causes of death and are available on the

* ICD is the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, provided by the WHO. Statistics on the causes of death in Japan and other countries around the world are basically divided according to this classification.

●くろまる Changes in population by subjective health obtained from life table analysis

Health level in the healthy life table: Difference between 2013 and 2022 (female)

In contemporary Japanese society, it has become a major concern not only to achieve longevity simply by lowering the mortality rate but also to live a healthy life. The government has made it a policy goal to extend the healthy life expectancy. In examining the subjective health of women by age, the most common health status is "not bad." Few answered "relatively poor." This is thought to be because when health levels deteriorate, women may be admitted to a facility or hospital or die. Comparing 2013 and 2022, the "relatively good" period became longer for nearly all age groups, while the "relatively poor" period shortened for nearly all age groups, indicating that the health level of the population has improved over these years.

●くろまる COVID-19 analysis by composite causes of death

Causes of death listed in columns where the primary cause of death was COVID-19: 2020

For the 33 causes of death that had 20 or more recorded cases, COVID-19 was listed in column IA in 2,247 cases.

The end of 2019 saw the sudden emergence of a new infectious disease, novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which caused significant societal disruption. In this context, connections between underlying conditions, such as diabetes, and COVID-19 were pointed out. We are analyzing how such observations appear in detailed causes of death by examining composite causes of death, including secondary causes in addition to the primary cause. For example, it has been shown that COVID-19 is often recorded in column IA (direct cause of death), while underlying conditions such as diabetes, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease are frequently recorded in column II, related causes of death.

In Japan, which is facing declining birthrates, an aging population, and increasing social security burdens, the question of how to allocate the income of the working-age population between the younger and older generations is a crucial issue that pertains to the upbringing of the next generation, the well-being of the working-age population, and the livelihood security of the elderly.

The "National Transfer Accounts (NTA)" is a statistical framework developed in recent years with support from the United Nations to elucidate the impact of aging on social security and income transfers within households.

The NTA can provide information on the outflow and inflow amount of income transfers in the public domain, such as pension, medical care, and long-term care, and monetary income transfers in the private domain, such as between family members and relatives, by sex and age. Continuously publishing NTA data will enable us to accurately understand the magnitude and changes in intergenerational transfers in the public and private spheres. This data can then be used to objectively evaluate and analyze the impact of demographic changes, such as declining birthrates and aging populations, and related policy changes on the sustainability of individual social security systems and intergenerational equity. The "NTA Project" at our institute is being advanced in close collaboration with external committee members, NTA officials from the United Nations and foreign governments, and NTA researchers from various countries. In March 2024, we published NTA data for fiscal years 2014 and 2019 (URL: https://www.ipss.go.jp/projects/NTA/index.html), and we plan to continue regularly updating and releasing the data.

●くろまるOverview of FY2019 NTA Results

[画像:Overview of FY2019 NTA Results]

Source: "National Transfer Accounts in Japan: Results from Fiscal Year 2014 and 2019," p. 15.

*In the above diagram, "life cycle defi cit" is the diff erence between consumption and labor income for each age group, where a positive value is defined as a "deficit" and a negative value a "surplus." Through public and private intergenerational transfers and asset-based reallocations, the young and elderly populations had a net inflow of 58.7 trillion yen and 114.4 trillion yen, respectively, while the working-age population had a net outflow of 94 trillion yen.

The number of foreign workers in Japan exceeded two million in 2023, and the rate of increase has accelerated in recent years. The pathways for foreigner nationals to work in the country have diversified since the 1990s, with an upsurge in Nikkei Brazilians, the start of the technical intern training program (TITP) in 1993, the commencement of the specified skilled worker program (SSWP) in 2019, and a rise in the employment rate of international students in Japan.

Against this backdrop, observers have described Japan as not having an immigration policy and accepting migrants in an exceptional manner. In light of this situation, we conducted a policy review in collaboration with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an international organization highly specialized in immigration policy.

The review yielded the following findings and recommendations.

Main Analysis Findings (Summary)

1. Japan’s foreign worker policy is one of the policy options that were considered for adapting to labor market changes, and opened a way for some middle-skilled migrants (specified skilled workers) to reside permanently in Japan.

2. High-skilled migrants who choose to come to Japan ("Engineer/Specialist in humanities/International services" visa status) tend to remain in the country.

3. Japan has a high retention of international students compared to other countries.

Main Recommendations from the OECD (Summary)

1. As TITP is under review,* its reform should retain the support provided to workers under today’s TITP. *A law on a training and employment program that replaces TITP was passed by the Diet on June 14, 2024.

2. SSWP, like TITP, is more heavily managed than labor migration programs in other OECD countries. SSWP was delayed by the pandemic but has since taken off. While SSWP has the potential to meet future labor demand effectively, it needs to rely on another program to allow migrants to acquire the necessary skills.

3. If SSWP is to develop scale, Japan must also expand its ability to recruit adequately prepared workers directly from origin countries. Stakeholders in Japan (business associations, employers, or public agencies) can follow the emerging model of "skills mobility partnerships." This means investing in partner training institutions in origin countries to reinforce their capacity to provide candidates with the language and vocational skills to enter both SSWP and the training and employment program. Training should also be relevant for job opportunities in the origin countries so that it is attractive to more candidates and contributes to the skills base of the origin country.