React Native "Text strings must be rendered within a <Text> component" Error with No Stack Trace - Need Help Finding Source [closed]

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Problem Description: I'm getting the dreaded "Text strings must be rendered within a <Text> component" error in my React Native/Expo app, but the error stack trace is completely unhelpful - it only shows: ERROR Warning: Error: Text strings must be rendered within a <Text> component. This error is located at: Call Stack App (<anonymous>) withDevTools(App) (<anonymous>)

I am desperate because I have been searching for over a week now. The IOS version is fine but when i run it on Android it crashes. I don't know if its looked down upon on here but i even turned to AI. PM or DM and I can share more if you think you can help

✅ Tested all components individually - Created a component tester that renders each component in isolation. None of the individual components cause the error.

✅ Checked all obvious text rendering patterns:

No unwrapped strings like {someVariable}

No conditional rendering like {condition && "text"}

All text is properly wrapped in <Text> components

Fixed HTML entities like ← → ←

✅ Cleaned and rebuilt everything:

Cleared node_modules, .expo, android builds

Ran npx expo prebuild --platform android --clear

Fresh npm install

✅ Added debugging:

Console.log statements throughout render cycles

Error boundaries to catch the issue

Individual component isolation testing

• Robert: Please check How to Ask, then edit your question. Remove the "type here" blurb. Add a minimal reproducible example. Add the exact error message with stack trace. (It may see unhelpful to you, but not to others.) There's no PM or DM on stackoverflow. The purpose of this site isn't to solve your problem, but to create a repository of knowledge that other with similar problems can also benefit from. Private messages would defeat that purpose (see the tour).
• Michael Bahl: Please provide a sample. Usually the issue is in JSX/TSX. This issue could issued by an whitespace in JSX/TSX. Please provide a sample.