Nasal retroflex click

A retroflex nasal click is a rare click consonant. In practical orthography, an ad hoc symbol ⟨!!⟩ is used for the retroflex clicks; a nasal click with a velar rear articulation is ⟨ŋ͡!!⟩ or ⟨ŋ͜!!⟩, commonly abbreviated to ⟨ŋ!!⟩, ⟨ŋ!!⟩ or ⟨!!̃⟩. The implicit symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ŋ͡𝼊⟩ or ⟨ŋ͜𝼊⟩, abbreviated ⟨ŋ𝼊⟩, ⟨ŋ𝼊⟩ or ⟨𝼊̃⟩.^[1] Linguists who prefer the old IPA letters use the analogous Doke convention ^[2] of ⟨ŋ͡ψ⟩ or ⟨ŋ͜ψ⟩, abbreviated ⟨ŋψ⟩, ⟨ŋψ⟩ or ⟨ψ̃⟩. For a click with a uvular rear articulation, the equivalents are ⟨ɴ͡!!,ɴ͜!!,ɴ!!,ɴ!!⟩, ⟨ɴ͡𝼊,ɴ͜𝼊,ɴ𝼊,ɴ𝼊⟩ and ⟨ɴ͡ψ,ɴ͜ψ,ɴψ,ɴψ⟩. Sometimes the accompanying letter comes after the click letter, e.g. ⟨𝼊ŋ⟩ or ⟨𝼊ŋ⟩; this may be a simple orthographic choice, or it may imply a difference in the relative timing of the releases.^[3]

Features of a retroflex nasal click:

• The airstream mechanism is lingual ingressive (also known as velaric ingressive), which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than being moved by the glottis or the lungs/diaphragm. The release of the forward closure produces the "click" sound. Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous pulmonic egressive airstream.
• Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is a nasal consonant, which means air is exclusively allowed to escape through the nose for nasal stops; otherwise, in addition to through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

Retroflex nasal clicks are only attested in one language, Central !Kung.^[4]

All Khoisan languages have glottalized nasal clicks. These are formed by closing the glottis so that the click is pronounced in silence; however, any preceding vowel will be nasalized.

• Nasal consonants
• Palatal consonants
• Click consonants
• Central consonants
• Voiced consonants

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