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Runtime Library
Constants
Data types
Standard C
assert.h
complex.h
ctype.h
fenv.h
float.h
locale.h
math.h
setjmp.h
signal.h
stdarg.h
stddef.h
stdio.h
stdlib.h
string.h
time.h
Standard C++
IOstream
IOstream Classes
new
Win32
gc.h
DOS, DOS32, Win16
bios.h
cerror.h
disp.h
dos.h
dos.h part 2
emm.h
handle.h
int.h
msmouse.h
sound.h
swap.h
tsr.h
winio.h
Other C
bitops.h
conio.h
controlc.h
direct.h
fltpnt.h
io.h
page.h
process.h
search.h
sys\stat.h
tabsize.h
trace.h
utime.h
unmangle.h
util.h
Other C++
regexp.h
class complex
<h1>Digital Mars C++ Runtime Library Reference</h1> The runtime library contains a comprehensive set of functions and classes that support program development in C and C++. The library supports 16 and 32-bit protected mode applications, as well as 32-bit DOS-extended applications. <p> The library includes functions typically defined by ANSI standard or UNIX C libraries, plus enhancements to the standard set. It includes C++ classes for working with streams and for performing mathematical computations. <p> C functions can be called from either C or C++ programs, but the C++ classes can be used only with C++ programs. <h3>Synonym Usage</h3> Many of the names for functions, variables, or other values can have a synonym. For example, the _access function has a synonym: <pre>Name: _access Synonym: access </pre> The synonym and name are interchangeable in an application; one can be substituted for the other. Thus, if the prototype for the _access function is: <pre>int _access(char *path, int mode); </pre> Using its synonym yields: <pre>int access(char *path, int mode); </pre> <h3>Math Function Results</h3> <p>Some function descriptions have a Special Results table that describes how the function handles certain kinds of arguments. In these tables, the column headings have the following meanings: </p> <table class="structure"><caption>Special Results table meanings</caption><tr><th>Heading</th> <th>Meaning</th></tr> <tr> <td>value of x</td> <td>The value of x for this condition to exist.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>value of y</td> <td>The value of y for this condition to exist.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>value of *ptr</td> <td>The value stored through ptr for x (possibly y).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>return value</td> <td>The value returned.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>invalid?</td> <td>Will the FE_INVALID exception be raised?</td> </tr> <tr> <td>div by 0?</td> <td>Will the FE_DIVBYZERO exception be raised?</td> </tr> </table> <p>All of these functions return a NaN if one of its arguments is a NaN. If the argument is a <em>signalling</em> NaN, the function will also raise the FE_INVALID exception. </p> <h3>Compatibility with other Platforms</h3> <p>Each name in this chapter has a section that lists available platforms. If a name is not compatible with a platform, a line is drawn through the platform. Platforms are: DOS, Windows 3.x, Phar Lap, DOSX, and Win32. </p> <h3>Using Wildcard Expansion</h3> <p>Digital Mars C++ supports wildcard expansion in command line arguments via the EXPAND_WILDCARDS macro. The following program shows the use of wildcard expansion. It prints all of its argument. If you invoke this program with "*.*" or other wildcarded arguments, it will print all of the files that match the specified arguments. This program can be compiled and linked normally; no additional object files are necessary. </p> <pre>/* argsdemo.c */ /* --Invoke with wildcards in the arguments */ #include <stdio.h> #include <dos.h> EXPAND_WILDCARDS; // use wildcard support int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) printf("argv[%d] = '%s'\n", i, argv[i]); return 0; } </pre> <p>For more information see the definition of the EXPAND_WILDCARDS macro in dos.h, and the code in the <tt>\dm\src\core\_main.c</tt>. </p> <h2>Names, by Category 2</h2> <p>This chapter groups related functions and variables into categories. Missing from the categories are the functions in the Iostream Library. </p> Table heading <strong>F/V</strong> means Function/Variable. <h3>80x86</h3> <p>These functions provide easy access from C to 80x86 registers, ports, and segmented memory.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>80x86</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>_cpumode</td> <td>Determines if the CPU is in real or protected mode. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>cputype</td> <td>Returns the type of 80x86 CPU in the computer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_FP_OFF</td> <td>Returns the offset portion of a far pointer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_FP_SEG</td> <td>Returns the segment portion of a far pointer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>getDS</td> <td>Returns the 80x86 data segment register.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_inp, _inpw, inpl</td> <td>Reads from an 80x86 hardware port.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_int86, int86_real, _int86x, int86x_real</td> <td>Generates an 80x86 interrupt, setting and returning registers.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_MK_FP</td> <td>Creates a far pointer from a segment and offset. </tr> <tr> <td>_movedata</td> <td>Copies data between segments.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_outp, outpw, outpl</td> <td>Outputs to an 80x86 hardware port.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>peek, peekb, peekbytes</td> <td>Gets data from another segment.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>poke, pokeb, pokebytes</td> <td>Puts data into another segment.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_segread</td> <td>Gets the current values of the 80x86 segment registers.</td> <tr> </table> <h3>BIOS</h3> <p>These functions directly access the ROM BIOS routines that are built into every PC compatible computer. </p> <table class="structure"><caption>BIOS</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>bioscom, _bios_serialcom</td> <td>Specifies a COM port to use for serial I/O.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_bios_disk, biosdisk</td> <td>Controls disk and drive handling.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>biosequip, _bios_equiplist</td> <td>Returns what equipment is connected to the system.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bioskey, _bios_keybrd</td> <td>Checks keyboard interrupts.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>biosmemory, _bios_memsize</td> <td>Returns RAM size.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>biosprint, _bios_printer</td> <td>Performs printer control.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>biostime, _bios_timeofday</td> <td>Gets/sets the BIOS time.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Character Classification and Manipulation</h3> <p>These functions classify characters into a number of useful categories, and provide conversions from one category to another.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Characters</caption><th>F/V</th> <th>Determines if a character...</th> <tr> <td>isalnum</td> <td>is alphanumeric.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>isalpha</td> <td>is alphabetic.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>__isasci</td> <td>is ASCII.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>iscntrl</td> <td>is a control character.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>__iscsym</td> <td>is a letter, underscore, or digit.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>__iscsymf</td> <td>is a letter or underscore.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>isdigit</td> <td>is a digit.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>isgraph</td> <td>is printable (excluding spaces). </td> </tr> <tr> <td>islower</td> <td>is lowercase.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>isprint</td> <td>is a printable (including spaces).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ispunct</td> <td>is punctuation.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>isspace</td> <td>is white space.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>isupper</td> <td>is uppercase.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>isxdigit</td> <td>is a hexadecimal digit.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="structure"><caption>Character Conversion</caption><th>F/V</th> <th>Converts a character...</th> <tr> <td>__toascii</td> <td>to ASCII.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_tolower, tolower</td> <td>to lowercase.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_toupper, toupper</td> <td>to uppercase.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Complex Class Library</h3> <p>These functions perform mathematics on complex numbers. The functions also treat complex numbers like real numbers or integers. </p> <table class="structure"><caption>Complex</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>complex:: operator=</td> <td>Assigns a value to a complex variable.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>complex:: operator+=</td> <td>Adds a value and assigns the result to the complex variable.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>complex:: operator-=</td> <td>Subtracts a value and assigns the result to the complex variable.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>complex:: operator*=</td> <td>Multiplies a value and assigns the result to the complex variable.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>complex:: operator/=</td> <td>Divides the variable and assigns the result to the complex variable.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>complex:: operator-</td> <td>Returns the negtaive number.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>complex:: operator!</td> <td>Logically negates a number.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>operator+</td> <td>Returns the sum.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>operator-</td> <td>Returns the difference.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>operator*</td> <td>Returns the product.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>operator/</td> <td>Returns the quotient.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>operator&&</td> <td>Performs a logical AND.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>operator||</td> <td>Performs a logical OR.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>operator!</td> <td>Tests for inequality.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>operator==</td> <td>Tests for equality.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>operator<<</td> <td>Reads from the stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>arg</td> <td>Returns the argument in radians.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>complex::imag</td> <td>Returns the imaginary portion of a complex number.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>complex:: real</td> <td>Returns the real portion of a complex number.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>conj</td> <td>Returns the conjugate.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>imag</td> <td>Returns the imaginary portion of a complex number.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>modulus</td> <td>Returns the absolute value.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>norm</td> <td>Returns the square of the absolute value.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>polar</td> <td>Returns the polar coordinates.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>real</td> <td>Returns the real portion.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>acos</td> <td>Returns the arccosine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>asin, asinh</td> <td>Returns the arcsine or hyperbolic arcsine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>atan, atanh</td> <td>Returns the arctangent or hyperbolic arctangent.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cos, cosh</td> <td>Returns the cosine or hyperbolic cosine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sin, sinh</td> <td>Returns the sine or hyperbolic sine. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>tan, tanh</td> <td>Returns the tangent or hyperbolic tangent.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>abs</td> <td>Returns the absolute value.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>exp</td> <td>Returns the exponential value.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>log, log10</td> <td>Returns the logarithm base or base 10.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pow</td> <td>Returns a raised number to complex or vice versa.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sqrt</td> <td>Returns the square root.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Control-Break Handling</h3> <p>Normally, the user of a DOS program can press control-c to immediately terminate execution of a program. These functions allow the program to control what happens when control-c is pressed.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Control-Break Handling</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>controlc_close</td> <td>Removes a user control-break handler.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>controlc_open</td> <td>Installs a user control-break handler.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ctrlbrk</td> <td>Installs a user control-break handler.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dos_get_ctrl_break</td> <td>Gets the OS control-break checking status.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dos_set_ctrl_break</td> <td>Turns control-break checking on or off.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>getcbrk</td> <td>Gets the current control-break setting.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>setcbrk</td> <td>Sets the control-break setting.</td> </tr> </table> <h4>Directory and Disk Drive</h4> <p>These functions manipulate directories and disk drives.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Directory and Disk Drive</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>_chdir</td> <td>Changes the current directory.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_chdrive, _dos_setdrive, setdisk</td> <td>Sets the current drive. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_getdrive, getdisk, _getdrive</td> <td>Gets the current disk drive.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>getcurdir, _getdcwd</td> <td>Gets the current directory for a drive.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_getcwd</td> <td>Gets the current directory for the current drive.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_mkdir</td> <td>Creates a new directory.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_rmdir</td> <td>Deletes a directory.</td> </tr> </table> <h4>Display Package</h4> <p>These functions write directly into screen memory. They are suitable for use only on IBM compatible displays (or BIOS) and only in text mode. Using them in graphics mode is not recommended; erratic behavior can occur. If a machine has a BIOS that is IBM compatible, but has a display that is not totally IBM compatible, use the function disp_usebios to force the other disp_functions to access screens through the BIOS. The functions work correctly with the DOSX extender and with Win32. See <a href="/index.cgi/speech/https://digitalmars.com/rtl/disp.html">disp.h</a>. </p> <table class="structure"><caption>Display</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>disp_box</td> <td>Draws a box.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_close</td> <td>Closes the display.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_eeol</td> <td>Erases to the end of current line.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_eeop</td> <td>Erases to the end of the page.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_endstand</td> <td>Ends reverse video mode.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_fillbox</td> <td>Fills the box.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_flush</td> <td>Moves the cursor to coincide with output position.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_getattr</td> <td>Gets display attributes.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_getmode</td> <td>Gets the current video mode.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_hidecursor</td> <td>Hides the cursor.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_move</td> <td>Moves the display.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_open</td> <td>Initializes the display.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_peekbox</td> <td>Stores a defined rectangular area.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_peekw</td> <td>Reads the information at specified position defined by row/ column.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_pokebox</td> <td>Restores a previously defined rectangular area.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_pokew</td> <td>Puts an attribute/ character into a specified row/ column.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_printf</td> <td>Writes to the screen.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_putc</td> <td>Writes a character to an output location.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_puts</td> <td>Writes a string to an output location.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_reset43</td> <td>Resets the display to 80-by-25 mode.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_scroll</td> <td>Scrolls the screen up.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_set43</td> <td>Sets the display to 80-by-43 EGA text mode (80-by-50 VGA).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_setattr</td> <td>Sets display attributes for characters.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_setcursortype</td> <td>Modifies cursor appearance.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_setmode</td> <td>Sets video mode.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_showcursor</td> <td>Restores previously hidden cursor.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_startstand</td> <td>Prints characters in reverse video.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>disp_usebios</td> <td>Sets up to write to the screen.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>DOS-Specific</h3> <p>These functions access miscellaneous features and data structures that are only available from the DOS operating system.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>DOS</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>absread,dos_abs_disk_read</td> <td>Reads disk sectors from a drive.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>abswrite,dos_abs_disk_write</td> <td>Writes data to specific disk sectors.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_bdos</td> <td>Calls DOS with DX and AL arguments.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bdosptr, bdosx</td> <td>Calls DOS with DS: DX and AL arguments.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dosexterr, dos_exterr</td> <td>Retrieves OS extended error information.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_getdiskfree, _getdiskfree</td> <td>Gets disk information and amount of free space.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dos_getdiskfreespace</td> <td>Gets free space remaining on a disk.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_get_verify, getverify</td> <td>Gets the OS verify status.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_keep</td> <td>Installs a TSR program.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dos_set_verify setverify</td> <td>Sets read-after-write verification on or off.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>getdta</td> <td>Gets the DOS disk transfer address.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>getfat</td> <td>Gets file allocation table information for a drive.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>getfatd</td> <td>Gets file allocation table information for the current drive.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>int21h</td> <td> Calls DOS via interrupt 21.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_intdos, _intdosx</td> <td>Calls DOS via interrupt 21, setting and returning registers.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>setdta</td> <td>Sets the disk transfer address.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Environment Variables and Functions</h3> <p>Environment variables are a set of named string values maintained by the operating system. An example of an environment variable is the PATH variable, which tells the operating system where to look for programs.</p> <p>When a program starts, it is given a copy of the previous program's environment (usually the OS environment); any changes the program makes to its copy are discarded when the program exits. However, if a program creates a child process, the child receives the parent's environment, with any changes the parent process made to it.</p> <p>These variables and functions allow a program to access and modify environment variables. See also the spawn and exec functions.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Environment</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>_environ</td> <td>A list of pointers to the environment variables.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_envptr</td> <td>A block of memory containing the environment variables.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>getenv</td> <td>Gets the value of a specified environment variable.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_putenv</td> <td>Sets the value of an environment variable.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Error Handling</h3> <p>These functions and variables are related to the trapping, identification, and reporting of errors in programs. </p> <table class="structure"><caption>Error Handling</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>assert</td> <td>Internal program consistency check.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cerror_close</td> <td>Removes a user critical-error handler.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cerror_open</td> <td>Installs a user critical-error handler.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_chkstack</td> <td>Checks for stack overflow.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_doserrno</td> <td>Contains the OS error code for the last error that occurred.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>errno</td> <td>Contains the C error code for the last error that occurred.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_harderr</td> <td>Installs a critical error handler.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_hardresume</td> <td>Resumes DOS handling of a critical error.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_hardretn</td> <td>Returns directly to the program from a critical error handler.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>perror</td> <td>Prints a message corresponding to the last error that occurred.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_strerror</td> <td>Returns a description of the last error, prepending a user message.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>strerror</td> <td>Returns a description of the last error.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_sys_errlist</td> <td>The list of all C error descriptions.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_sys_nerr</td> <td>The number of C error descriptions.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Expanded Memory Manager</h3> <p>Expanded Memory Manager (EMM) functions can be used as an alternative to, or at the same time as, the __handle pointer system and offer more control of an application's expanded memory usage. </p> <table class="structure"><caption>EMM Functions</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>emm_allocpages</td> <td>Allocates expanded memory pages.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_deallocpages</td> <td>Frees expanded memory pages.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_gethandlecount</td> <td>Gets the number of active handles.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_gethandlespages</td> <td>Gets the number of pages allocated to each handle.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_getpagemap</td> <td>Gets the page mapping context.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_getpagemapsize</td> <td>Gets the buffer size of page mapping.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_getsetpagemap</td> <td>Gets the value of the page mapping context and sets it to a new value.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_gettotal</td> <td>Gets the number of logical pages.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_getunalloc</td> <td>Gets the number of unallocated logical pages.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_getversion</td> <td>Gets the version of the EMM.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_init</td> <td>Tests if EMM installed.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_maphandle</td> <td>Maps the logical page onto the physical page in the emm page frame.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_physpage</td> <td>Gets starting address of emm page.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_restorepagemap</td> <td>Restores handle's mapping context.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_savepagemap</td> <td>Saves page mapping context for the handle.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_setpagemap</td> <td>Sets a new page mapping context.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>emm_term</td> <td>Terminates EMM.</td> </tr> </table> <h2>File Management and File Searching</h2> <p>These functions manage and search for files but do not change a file's contents.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Files</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>_access</td> <td>Detrmines if and how a file can be accessed.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_chmod</td> <td>Changes the read/ write access of anamed file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_chsize</td> <td>Changes the size of a file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_findfirst,findfirst</td> <td>Searches for the first matching file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_findnext, findnext</td> <td>Searches for succeeding matching files.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_getfileattr</td> <td>Gets the attributes of the named file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_getftime</td> <td>Gets the time a file was last written to.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_setfileattr</td> <td>Sets the attributes of a file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>filesize</td> <td>Returns the size of a named file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_fmode</td> <td>The default file translation mode, text or binary.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>remove</td> <td>Deletes the named file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rename</td> <td>Renames the named file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_searchenv</td> <td>Searches for a file using directories in an environment variable.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>searchpath</td> <td>Searches for a file using directories in the PATH environment variable.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_stat</td> <td>Returns information about the named file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_umask</td> <td>Sets the default read/ write permissions for new files.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_unlink</td> <td>Deletes the named file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_utime</td> <td>Sets the modified time of a named file.</td> </tr> </table> <h2>Handle Package</h2> <p>These functions use the __handle pointer to dynamically allocate, use, and free memory.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Handles</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>handle_calloc</td> <td>Clears and allocates memory.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>handle_free</td> <td>Frees memory.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>handle_ishandle</td> <td>Tests for a __handle pointer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>handle_malloc</td> <td>Allocates memory.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>handle_realloc</td> <td>Reallocates memory.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>handle_strdup</td> <td>Allocates memory; duplicates the string pointed to by __handle.</td> </tr> </table> <h2>Input and Output</h2> <p>I/O management for C can be grouped into four general areas: unbuffered, handle-based routines; buffered, stream-based routines; operating system I/O; and console I/O routines. </p> <h3>Unbuffered, Handle-Based I/O</h3> <p>These functions provide low-level access to files and devices. Files are accessed via a handle, which is an integer. Note that file handles used with DOS INT 21 calls and Win32 calls are not necessarily the same as handles used with the unbuffered, handle-based I/O functions, and should not be interchanged.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Handle I/O</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>_close</td> <td>Closes an unbuffered file handle.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_commit</td> <td>Forces the OS to flush a file to disk.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_creat</td> <td>Creates a file and returns a handle to it for unbuffered I/O.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>creatnew</td> <td>Same as _creat, but returns an error if the file already exists.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>creattemp</td> <td>Same as _creat, but creates a temporary file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dup</td> <td>Creates another unbuffered file handle for an open file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_cup2</td> <td>Changes the file that a handle is associated with.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_eof</td> <td>True if the handle's file position is at the end of the file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_filelength</td> <td>Returns the size of the file associated with a handle.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_fstat</td> <td>Returns the modification time for the file associated with a handle.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_isatty</td> <td>True if a handle is associated with a device rather than a file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lock</td> <td>Locks a section of a file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_locking</td> <td>Locks/ unlocks a section of a file, with retry.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_lseek</td> <td>Sets the file position of a handle.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_open</td> <td>Opens a file for unbuffered access and returns a handle to it.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_read,_readx</td> <td>Performs an unbuffered read from a file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>setftime</td> <td>Sets modification date of the file associated with a handle.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_setmode</td> <td>Sets the translation mode of the file associated with a handle.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_sopen</td> <td>Same as _open, but allows setting of access controls.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_tell</td> <td>Returns the position of the file associated with a handle.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>unlock</td> <td>Releases file sharing locks on a handle's file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_write, _writex</td> <td>Performs an unbuffered write to a file. </td> </tr> </table> <h3>Buffered Stream I/O</h3> <p>Buffering means that data are read from and written to files and devices in chunks, rather than one byte at a time. Each chunk is stored in a memory buffer. This method reduces the number of disk accesses needed and speeds up I/O. </p> <p>For example, suppose a program needs to read a file a byte at a time. The buffered stream functions retrieve each byte from the buffer in memory, avoiding a disk access for each read operation. Only when the buffer is empty do the functions fetch another chunk from the disk. </p> <p>Rather than using an integer handle, these functions use a pointer to a structure that contains information about the status of the buffers. </p> <table class="structure"><caption>Stream I/O</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>clearerr</td> <td>Clears the error and EOF flags for a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fclose</td> <td>Closes a buffered stream file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_fcloseall</td> <td>Closes all open buffered streams.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_fdopen</td> <td>Associates an unbuffered file with a buffered stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>feof</td> <td>True if the stream is at the end of its file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ferror</td> <td>True if an error was on a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fflush</td> <td>Flushes the buffer associated with a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fgetc</td> <td>Reads the next character from a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_fgetchar</td> <td>Reads the next character from the stdin stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fgetpos</td> <td>Saves the current position in the file of a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fgets</td> <td>Reads a string from a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_fileno</td> <td>Returns the unbuffered file handle associated with a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_flushall</td> <td>Flushes the buffers of all open streams.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fopen</td> <td>Opens a file as a buffered stream. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>fprintf</td> <td>Formats and outputs a string to a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fputc</td> <td>Writes a character to a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_fputchar</td> <td>Writes a character to the stdout stream.</td> </tr> <td>fputs</td> <td>Writes a string to a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fread</td> <td>Reads an array from a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>freopen</td> <td>Closes a stream then reopens it with a new file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fscanf</td> <td>Reads values from a stream and formats them into a string.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fseek</td> <td>Sets the position of a stream in its file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fsetpos</td> <td>Resets the position of a stream to a saved value.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_fsopen</td> <td>Like fopen, but allows file sharing controls to be set.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ftell</td> <td>Returns the current position of a stream's file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fwrite</td> <td>Writes an array to a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>getc</td> <td>Reads a character from a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>getchar</td> <td>Reads a character from the stdin stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gets</td> <td>Reads a string from the stdin stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_getw</td> <td>Reads an int from a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>printf</td> <td>Formats and prints a string to the stdout stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>putc</td> <td>Writes a character to a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>putchar</td> <td>Writes a character to the stdout stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>puts</td> <td>Writes a string to the stdout stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_putw</td> <td>Writes an int to a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rewind</td> <td>Positions the file associated with the stream at the beginning.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_rmtmp</td> <td>Deletes all temp files created with tmpfile.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>setbuf setvbuf</td> <td>Changes the buffer for a stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>stdaux</td> <td>A stream over the standard auxiliary output.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>stderr</td> <td>A stream over the standard error output. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>stdin</td> <td>A stream over the standard input.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>stdout</td> <td>A stream over the standard output.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>stdprn</td> <td>A stream over the standard print output.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tmpfile</td> <td>Creates a temporary file and opens a stream over it.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ungetc</td> <td>Puts a character back into a stream. </tr> </table> <h3>Direct Operating System I/O</h3> <p>These functions are similar to the unbuffered, handle-based I/O functions, but use more direct calls to DOS or Win32. As noted before, DOS INT 21 and Win32 handles must not be interchanged with handles used by direct operating system I/O functions, nor should handles from these functions be used with the unbuffered, handle-based functions.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>DOS I/O</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>_dos_close</td> <td>Calls the OS directly to close a file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_commit</td> <td>Forces the OS to flush its buffers for a file to disk.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_creat, dos_creat</td> <td>Calls the OS directly to create a file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_creatnew</td> <td>Same as _dos_creat, but fails if the file exists.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_lock</td> <td>Calls the OS to restrict access to a section of a file. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_open dos_open</td> <td>Calls the OS to open a file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_read</td> <td>Calls the OS directly to read from a file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_seek</td> <td>Calls the OS to move the file pointer to a given position.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_setftime</td> <td>Sets the modification time of a file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_write</td> <td>Calls the OS directly to write to a file.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Console I/O</h3> <p>These low level functions give the program access to the computer display and keyboard, also known as the console. The stream and handle based I/O functions can also be used to read and write from the display and keyboard devices, but the console I/O functions provide more direct control over whether characters are echoed on input, whether a key is available in the keyboard buffer, etc.</p> <p>There is one DOS console. Windows NT provides any number of consoles. Windows 3.x provides no console; console I/O functions are not available for Windows 3.x.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Console I/O</caption> <tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/index.cgi/speech/https://digitalmars.com/rtl/conio.html#_kbhit"><strong>_kbhit</strong></a> <td> Determines if a keyboard key was pressed. <tr> <td><a href="/index.cgi/speech/https://digitalmars.com/rtl/conio.html#_ungetch"><strong>_ungetch</strong></a> <td>Puts a character back into the keyboard buffer. <tr> <td><a href="/index.cgi/speech/https://digitalmars.com/rtl/conio.html#_getch"><strong>_getch</strong></a> <td>Reads a character directly from the console, without echo. <tr> <td><a href="/index.cgi/speech/https://digitalmars.com/rtl/conio.html#_getche"><strong>_getche</strong></a> <td>Reads a character directly from the console, with echo. <tr> <td><a href="/index.cgi/speech/https://digitalmars.com/rtl/conio.html#_putch"><strong>_putch</strong></a> <td>Writes a character directly to the console. <tr> <td><a href="/index.cgi/speech/https://digitalmars.com/rtl/conio.html#_cgets"><strong>_cgets</strong></a> <td>Gets a string directly from the console. <tr> <td><a href="/index.cgi/speech/https://digitalmars.com/rtl/conio.html#_cprintf"><strong>_cprintf</strong></a> <td>Formats and prints a string directly to the console. <tr> <td><a href="/index.cgi/speech/https://digitalmars.com/rtl/conio.html#_cputs"><strong>_cputs</strong></a> <td>Outputs a string directly to the console. <tr> <td><a href="/index.cgi/speech/https://digitalmars.com/rtl/conio.html#_cscanf"><strong>_cscanf</strong></a> <td>Reads and formats values directly from the console. </table> <h3>Interrupt Handling</h3> <p>These functions allow programs to generate and trap 80x86 interrupts. See also the Interrupt Package category.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Interrupt Handling</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>_chain_intr</td> <td>Passes control from one interrupt handler to another.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_disable</td> <td>Executes the x86 CLI instruction, disabling interrupts.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_getvect, getvect</td> <td>Returns the interrupt handler for the given vector.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_dos_setvect, setvect,</td> <td>Sets the interrupt handler for a given vector.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_enable</td> <td>Executes the x86 STI instruction, enabling interrupts.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>geninterrupt</td> <td>Generates a software interrupt.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Interrupt Package</h3> <p>These functions, from Digital Mars, handle interrupts, signals, and errors. An interrupt function can create a stack of a specified size that conforms to constraints of the memory model used. See also the Interrupt Handling category.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Interrupt Package</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>int_gen</td> <td>Generates a standard Intel 80x86 interrupt.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>int_getvector</td> <td>Gets the interrupt vector.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>int_intercept</td> <td>Links a standard C function to an interrupt vector.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>int_off</td> <td>Clears the interrupt flag.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>int_on</td> <td>Sets the interrupt flag.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>int_prev</td> <td>Calls the standard interrupt handler from a previously installed handler.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>int_restore</td> <td>Unlinks an interrupt handler.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>int_setvector</td> <td>Sets the interrupt vector.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Locale</h3> <p>These functions allow programs to easily adapt to the different conventions used in different parts of the world.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Locale</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>country</td> <td>Returns information about a country</td> </tr> <tr> <td>localeconv</td> <td>Returns information about the current locale.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>setlocale</td> <td>Sets the locale for a category of locale-dependent values.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>strcoll</td> <td>Compares two strings based on the current locale's collating sequence.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>strftime</td> <td>Formats the date and time for the current locale.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>strxfrm</td> <td>Recollates a string for a locale.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Math</h3> <p>Digital Mars C++ provides a large library of math functions.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Math</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>_8087</td> <td>Tells if and what kind of floating-point coprocessor is present.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>abs</td> <td>Returns the absolute value of an integer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>acos, acosf, acosl</td> <td>Calculates the arc cosine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>arg</td> <td>Determines the angle of a number in a complex plane</td> </tr> <tr> <td>asin, asinf, asinl</td> <td>Calculates the arcsine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>atan, atanf, atanl</td> <td>Calculates arc tangent.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>atan2, atan2f, atan2l</td> <td>Calculates arc tangent of y/ x.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_cabs, _cabsl</td> <td>Calculates the absolute value of a complex number.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ceil, ceilf, ceill</td> <td>Returns a number rounded up.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_clear87</td> <td>Returns and clears the floating-point coprocessor status</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_control87</td> <td>Gets and sets the floating-point coprocessor status.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>copysign, copysignf, copysignl</td> <td>Copies the sign bit of one number to another.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cos, cosf, cosl</td> <td>Calculates the cosine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cosh, coshf, coshl</td> <td>Calculates the hyperbolic cosine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>div</td> <td>Calculates the quotient and remainder of division.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>exp, expf, expl</td> <td>Calculates the value of e raised to the power of x.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>expm1, expm1f, expmll</td> <td>Calclulates the value of e raised to the power of x-1.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fabs, fabsf, _fabsl</td> <td>Returns the absolute value of a floating-point number.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>feclearexcept</td> <td>Clears the specified exception.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fegetenv</td> <td>Gets the current floating-point environment.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fegetexcept</td> <td>Gets the exception.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fegetprec</td> <td>Returns the current precision mode.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fegetround</td> <td>Returns the current rounding mode.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>feprocentry</td> <td>Resets the floating-point environment to the start-up state.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>feprocexit</td> <td>Saves and raises the exceptions.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>feraiseexcept</td> <td>Raises the specified exception.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fesetenv</td> <td>Sets the current floating-point environment.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fesetexcept</td> <td>Sets the exception flag.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fesetprec</td> <td>Sets the precision mode</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fesetround</td> <td>Sets the rounding mode.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fetestexcept</td> <td>Determines if an exception was raised.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>floor, floorf, floorl</td> <td>Returns a number rounded down.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fmod, fmodf, fmodl</td> <td>Calculates the floating-point remainder.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_fpreset</td> <td>Reinitializes floating-point functions.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>frexp, frexpf, _frexpl</td> <td>Breaks a number into mantisa and exponent.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_hypot, _hypotl</td> <td>Calculates the length of a hypotenuse.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>labs</td> <td>Returns the absolute value of a long integer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ldexp, ldexpf, _ldexpl</td> </td>Calculates n x 2exp.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ldiv</td> <td>Returns the quotient and remainder of division of long integers.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>log, logf, logl</td> <td>Calculates the natural logarithm.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>log10, log10f, log10l</td> <td>Calculates the base-10 logarithm.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>log1p, log1pf, log1pl</td> <td>Calculates the natural logarithm of 1 + x.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_lrot</td> <td>Returns the binary left rotation of a long integer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_lrotr</td> <td> Returns the binary right rotation of a long integer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>matherr, _matherrl</td> <td>Handles math errors; is user-written.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>__max</td> <td>Returns the larger of two numbers. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>__min</td> <td>Returns the smaller of two numbers.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>modf, modff, _modfl</td> <td>Breaks a number into its integral and fractional parts.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nearbyint, nearbyintf, nearbyintl</td> <td>Rounds a number to the nearest integer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nextafter, nextafterf, nextafterl</td> <td>Calculates the next representable value after a number.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>norm</td> <td>Calculates the square of an absolute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>polar</td> <td>Returns a complex number of magnitude and angle.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>poly, polyl</td> <td>Evaluates a polynomial.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pow, powf, powl</td> <td>Calculates xraised to a power of y.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>remainder, remainderf, remainderl</td> <td>Calculates the remainder of x/ y.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>remquo, remquof, remquol</td> <td>Same as remainder but also computes the quotient.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rint, rintf, rintl</td> <td>Rounds to the nearest integer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rndtol, rndtonl</td> <td>Rounds a double to a long.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_rotl, _rotr</td> <td>Returns the binary left or right rotation of an integer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>round, roundf, roundl</td> <td>Rounds to the nearest integer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>scalb, scalbf, scalbl</td> <td>Calculates x * FLT_RADIXn.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>scanf</td> <td>Reads and formats values from the stdin stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>signbit</td> <td>Returns the sign bit of a floating-point number.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sin, sinf, sinl</td> <td>Calculates the sin.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sinh, sinhf, sinhl</td> <td>Calculates the hyperbolic sine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sqrt, sqrtf, sqrtl</td> <td>Returns the square root.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_status87</td> <td>Gets the floating-point status word</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tan, tanf, tanl</td> <td>Calculates the tangent.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tanh, tanhf, tanhl</td> <td>Calculates the hyperbolic tangent.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>trunc, truncf, truncl</td> <td>Truncates the fractional portion of a number.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Memory Buffer</h3> <p>These functions operate on arrays of characters, much like the string functions, but do not assume a terminating null character.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Memory Buffer</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr> <td>_memccpy, _fmemccpy</td> <td>Copies one buffer to another up to a particular character.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>memchr, _fmemchr</td> <td>Returns the index of a character in a buffer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>memcmp, _fmemcmp</td> <td>Compares two buffers.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>memcpy, _fmemcpy, movmem</td> <td>Copies one buffer to another.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>_memicmp, _fmemicmp, _nmemicmp</td> <td>Compares two buffers, ignoring case.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>memmove, _fmemmove</td> <td>Copies one buffer to another correctly even if they overlap.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>memset, _fmemset, setmem</td> <td>Fills a buffer with a value.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>Memory Management</h3> <p>Digital Mars C++ provides two kinds of memory management, program memory management and operating system memory management. </p> <h3>Program Memory Management</h3> A C program can provide its own memory management, separate from the operating system. The program memory management functions obtain only large chunks of memory from the operating system. They then dole it out in smaller blocks as needed by the application. This is faster because it avoids the overhead of making a call to the operating system for each little bit of memory needed. The program's pool of memory is called a heap.<p> For DOS and Windows 3.x programs, the situation is complicated by the 80x86 architecture, which has two kinds of pointers to memory: near pointers and far pointers. Near pointers are small and efficient but can access only 64K bytes at a time. Far pointers are less efficient but can access the entire memory space, up to one MB for real mode. Because of this, DOS and Windows 3. x have two heaps: a smaller near one and a larger far one. Phar Lap and Win32 programs have only one heap.<p> DOS and Windows 3.x usually have three versions of each memory management function:<p> <ul><li>A plain function that accesses whichever heap, near or far, is the default for the memory model. An example is malloc, which allocates from one heap or the other, depending on the memory model. The default for the S and M models is near; the default for L and C is far.</li> <li>A near function that accesses the near heap (and begins with _n). An example is _nmalloc.</li> <li>A far function that accesses the far heap (and begins with _f). An example is _fmalloc.</li> </ul> <p>Phar Lap and Win32 have only a plain function. For example, malloc allocates from the heap. Functions _nmalloc and _fmalloc are not available.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Memory Management</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>_alloca </td> <td>Dynamically allocates memory on the program stack. </td></tr> <tr><td>calloc </td> <td>Allocates and clears memory for an array. coreleft Returns amount of RAM not in use. </td></tr> <tr><td>_expand </td> <td>Increases the size of a memory block if possible. </td></tr> <tr><td>_fcalloc </td> <td>Allocates and clears memory for an array in the far program heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>_ffree </td> <td>Releases a block back to the far program heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>_fmalloc </td> <td>Allocates memory from the far program heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>_fmsize </td> <td>Returns the size of a far program heap memory block. </td></tr> <tr><td>free </td> <td>Releases a block back to the program heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>_freect </td> <td>Returns the number of blocks available in the near heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>_halloc </td> <td>Allocates a huge block of memory. </td></tr> <tr><td>_hfree </td> <td>Releases a huge block back to the program heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>hugeptr_add </td> <td>Adds a value to a huge pointer. </td></tr> <tr><td>hugeptr_cmp </td> <td>Compares two huge pointers. </td></tr> <tr><td>hugeptr_diff </td> <td>Returns the difference of two huge pointers. </td></tr> <tr><td>malloc </td> <td>Allocates a block of memory from the program heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>_memavl </td> <td>Returns the memory available in the near program heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>_memmax </td> <td>Returns the size of the largest free block in the program's near heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>_msize </td> <td>Returns the size of an allocated block in the program heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>_ncalloc </td> <td>Allocates an array from the near program heap and clears it. </td></tr> <tr><td>_nfree </td> <td>Releases a block back to the near program heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>_nmalloc </td> <td>Allocates a block from the near program heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>realloc </td> <td>Resizes an allocated block in the program heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>_set_new_handler </td> <td>Sets a user routine for handling failures of the C++ new operator. </td></tr> <tr><td>_stackavail </td> <td>Returns the amount of stack space available from _alloca. </td></tr> <tr><td>_strdup, _fstrdup </td> <td>Allocates memory for a string and copies the string to it. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Operating System (OS) Memory Management</h3> <p>These functions call the operating system (DOS, Phar Lap, Windows 3.x, or Win32) directly to dynamically allocate and free memory blocks. The function descriptions list compatible operating systems.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>OS Memory Management</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>allocmem </td> <td>Allocates a memory block from the OS. </td></tr> <tr><td>dos_alloc, _dos_allocmem </td> <td>Allocates a memory block from the OS. </td></tr> <tr><td>dos_avail </td> <td>Returns the amount of memory available from the OS. </td></tr> <tr><td>dos_calloc </td> <td>Allocates, clears a memory block from the OS. </td></tr> <tr><td>dos_free, _dos_freemem </td> <td>Frees a memory block allocated from the OS. </td></tr> <tr><td>_dos_setblock, dos_setblock, setblock </td> <td>Calls the OS to resize a block of memory. </td></tr> <tr><td>farcalloc </td> <td>Allocates and clears an array from the OS far heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>farcoreleft </td> <td>Returns the largest memory block left in the OS far heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>farfree </td> <td>Frees memory allocated from the OS far heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>farmalloc </td> <td>Allocates memory from the OS far heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>farrealloc </td> <td>Resizes a memory block allocated from the OS far heap. </td></tr> <tr><td>freemem </td> <td>Releases an OS memory block. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Mouse Package</h3> <p>These functions interface to the Microsoft mouse and require that a Microsoft compatible mouse driver be installed. See the manual that accompanies the mouse. Two of the functions enable the mouse to emulate a lightpen.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Mouse</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>msm_condoff </td> <td>Defines a rectangular area of the screen in which the mouse cursor is hidden. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_getpress </td> <td>Gets button press information. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_getrelease </td> <td>Gets button release information. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_getstatus </td> <td>Gets status of the mouse cursor. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_hidecursor </td> <td>Hides the cursor. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_init </td> <td>Initializes the mouse driver. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_lightpenoff </td> <td>Disables light pen emulation mode. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_lightpenon </td> <td>Enables light pen emulation mode. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_readcounters </td> <td>Reads mouse motion counters. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_setareax </td> <td>Sets cursor's minimum and maximum horizontal position. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_setareay </td> <td>Sets cursor's minimum and maximum vertical position. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_setcurpos </td> <td>Sets cursor position. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_setgraphcur </td> <td>Sets graphic cursor. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_setratio </td> <td>Sets the motion counter/ pixel ratio (mouse sensitivity). </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_settextcur </td> <td>Sets text cursor. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_setthreshhold </td> <td>Sets the speed threshhold. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_showcursor </td> <td>Shows the cursor. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_signal </td> <td>Sets input mask. </td></tr> <tr><td>msm_term </td> <td>Terminates mouse drive. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Multi-byte Characters</h3> <p>These functions provide conversions between multi-byte characters and wide characters.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Multibyte Characters</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>mblen, _fmblen </td> <td>Returns the number of bytes in a multi-byte string. </td></tr> <tr><td>mbstowcs, _fmbstowcs </td> <td>Converts a multi-byte character string to a wide character string. </td></tr> <tr><td>mbtowc, _fmbtowc </td> <td>Converts a multi-byte character to a wide character. </td></tr> <tr><td>wcstombs, _fwcstombs </td> <td>Converts a wide character string to a multi-byte string. </td></tr> <tr><td>wctomb, _fwctomb </td> <td>Converts a wide character to a multi-byte character. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Multi-Threaded Processing</h3> <p>These functions and multi-threaded processing are available for Win32 programs only. </p> <table class="structure"><caption>Multithreaded Processing</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>_beginthread </td> <td>Begins execution of a new program thread. </td></tr> <tr><td>_endthread </td> <td>Destroys a program thread. </td></tr> <tr><td>_threadid </td> <td>The current thread identification. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Operating System and Windows Versions</h3> <p>These variables contain the version number of the operating system and Windows under which the program is running.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>OS and Windows Versions</caption><tr><th>Variable</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>_osmajor </td> <td>The major portion of the OS version number </td></tr> <tr><td>_osminor </td> <td>The minor portion of the OS version number. </td></tr> <tr><td>_osmode </td> <td>What OS is running: DOS or Windows. </td></tr> <tr><td>_osver, _osversion </td> <td>The major and minor portions of the OS version number. </td></tr> <tr><td>_winmajor </td> <td>The major portion of the Windows version number. </td></tr> <tr><td>_winminor </td> <td>The minor portion of the Windows version number. </td></tr> <tr><td>_winver </td> <td>The major and minor portions of the Windows version number. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Page Package</h3> <p>These functions create and manipulate memory from the page heap. They require a far pointer to the page heap.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Page</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>page_calloc </td> <td>Clears and allocates memory. </td></tr> <tr><td>page_free </td> <td>Frees memory. </td></tr> <tr><td>page_initialize </td> <td>Initializes memory. </td></tr> <tr><td>page_malloc </td> <td>Allocates memory. </td></tr> <tr><td>page_maxfree </td> <td>Determines the largest free block. </td></tr> <tr><td>page_realloc </td> <td>Reallocates memory. </td></tr> <tr><td>page_size </td> <td>Determines size of block. </td></tr> <tr><td>page_toptr </td> <td>Converts a pointer to a page heap. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Path Names</h3> <p>These functions manipulate path names.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Paths</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>fnmerge, _makepath </td> <td>Builds a path name from a drive, directory, filename, and extension. </td></tr> <tr><td>fnsplit, _splitpath </td> <td>Breaks a pathname into a drive, directory, filename, and extension. </td></tr> <tr><td>_fullpath </td> <td>Converts a relative path name to a fully qualified path name. </td></tr> <tr><td>_mktemp, _tempname, tmpnam </td> <td>Generates a unique temporary filename. </td></tr> <tr><td>parsfnm </td> <td>Breaks a path name into a file control block. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Process Control</h3> <p>These functions and variables control execution of processes.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Process Control</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>abort </td> <td>Terminates the currently executing process. </td></tr> <tr><td>atexit, _fatexit, _onexit, _fonexit </td> <td>Specifies a function to be called on program exit. </td></tr> <tr><td>_c_exit </td> <td>Performs partial C runtime termination without exiting. </td></tr> <tr><td>_cexit </td> <td>Performs full C runtime termination without exiting. </td></tr> <tr><td>_execl, _execle, _execlp, _execlpe, _execv, _execve, _execvp, _execvpe </td> <td>Replaces the current process with a new child process. </td></tr> <tr><td>exec_showget </td> <td>Gets whether a child Windows process will show. </td></tr> <tr><td>exec_showreset </td> <td>Resets whether a child Windows process will show. </td></tr> <tr><td>exec_showset </td> <td>Sets whether a child Windows process will show. </td></tr> <tr><td>_exit </td> <td>Performs partial C runtime termination and exits. </td></tr> <tr><td>exit </td> <td>Performs full C runtime termination and exits. </td></tr> <tr><td>exit_popstate, exit_pushstate </td> <td>Converts a stand-alone program to a subroutine. </td></tr> <tr><td>_fileinfo </td> <td>If true, current open file information passes to the child processes. </td></tr> <tr><td>_getpid </td> <td>Returns the current process identification. </td></tr> <tr><td>getpsp </td> <td>Returns the program segment prefix of the current process. </td></tr> <tr><td>longjmp </td> <td>Jumps to an earlier point in the program. </td></tr> <tr><td>msleep </td> <td>Suspends a process for a number of milliseconds. </td></tr> <tr><td>_pgmptr </td> <td>The pathname of the executing program. </td></tr> <tr><td>_psp </td> <td>The program segment prefix of the process. </td></tr> <tr><td>raise </td> <td>Raises a signal to the process. </td></tr> <tr><td>response_expand </td> <td>Expands command line arguments that reference files. </td></tr> <tr><td>setjmp </td> <td>Sets a point in the program to jump back to. </td></tr> <tr><td>signal </td> <td>Defines how signals are handled. </td></tr> <tr><td>sleep</td> <td>Suspends process execution for a number of seconds. </td></tr> <tr><td>_spawnl,_spawnle, _spawnlp, _spawnlpe, _spawnv,_spawnve, _spawnvp, _spawnvpe </td> <td>Starts a new child process and waits for it to exit. </td></tr> <tr><td>system </td> <td>Passes a string to the OS for execution. </td></tr> <tr><td>usleep </td> <td>Suspends execution of the program for a number of microseconds. </td></tr> <tr><td>wait </td> <td>Returns the code of a child process. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Random Numbers</h3> <p>These functions return, initialize, or set random numbers.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Random Numbers</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>rand, random </td> <td>Returns a rand number. </td></tr> <tr><td>randomize </td> <td>Initializes the random number seed to the current time. </td></tr> <tr><td>srand </td> <td>Sets the random number see. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Sorting and Searching</h3> <p>These functions sort and search tables.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Sorting and Searching</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>bsearch </td> <td>Performs a binary search of a sorted array. </td></tr> <tr><td>_lfind </td> <td>Performs a linear search of an array. </td></tr> <tr><td>_lsearch </td> <td>Performs a linear search of an array, with automatic insert. </td></tr> <tr><td>qsort </td> <td>Performs a quick-sort of a table. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Sound</h3> <p>These functions output sound from the PC speaker. They work only on machines that are compatible with the IBM PC hardware and software.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Sound</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>sound_beep </td> <td>Outputs a beep. </td></tr> <tr><td>sound_click </td> <td>Outputs a click. </td></tr> <tr><td>sound_note, sound_tone </td> <td>Outputs a tone. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Strings, Null-terminated</h3> <p>These functions operate on null-terminated strings.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Strings</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>_snprintf </td> <td>Formats values into a string of fixed size. </td></tr> <tr><td>sprintf </td> <td>Formats values into a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>sscanf </td> <td>Reads and formats values from a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>stpcpy </td> <td>Copies one string to another and returns the result. </td></tr> <tr><td>strcat, _fstrcat, strncat, _fstrncat </td> <td>Concatenates strings. </td></tr> <tr><td>strchr, _fstrchr, strcspn, _fstrcspn </td> <td>Returns the index of a character in a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>strcmp, _fstrcmp, strncmp, _fstrncmp </td> <td>Compares two strings. </td></tr> <tr><td>_strcmpi, strcmpl, _fstrcmpl, _stricmp, _fstricmp, strncmpi, strncmpl, _strnicmp, _fstrnicmp </td> <td>Compares two strings, ignoring case. </td></tr> <tr><td>strcpy, _fstrcpy, strncpy, _fstrncpy </td> <td>Copies one string to another. </td></tr> <tr><td>strlen, _fstrlen </td> <td>Returns the string length. </td></tr> <tr><td>_strlwr, _fstrlwr </td> <td>Converts uppercase characters to lowercase. </td></tr> <tr><td>_strnset, _fstrnset, _strset, _fstrset </td> <td>Fills a string with the specified character. </td></tr> <tr><td>strpbrk, _fstrpbrk </td> <td>Searches for characters from one string in another. </td></tr> <tr><td>strrchr, _fstrrchr </td> <td>Returns the last of a character in a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>_strrev, _fstrrev </td> <td>Reverses a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>strspn, _fstrspn </td> <td>Searches for characters from one string that are not in another. </td></tr> <tr><td>strstr, _fstrstr </td> <td>Returns the index of one string within another. </td></tr> <tr><td>strtok, _fstrtok </td> <td>Breaks a string into tokens. </td></tr> <tr><td>_strupr, _fstrupr </td> <td>Converts lowercase characters to uppercase. </td></tr> <tr><td>_swab </td> <td>Swaps bytes in a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>unmangle_ident </td> <td>Unmangles a C++ mangled identifier. </td></tr> </table> <h3>String and Numeric Conversions</h3> <p>These functions convert between various C numeric types and strings.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>String and Numeric Conversions</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>atof </td> <td>Converts a string to a double. </td></tr> <tr><td>atoi </td> <td>Converts a string to an integer. </td></tr> <tr><td>atol </td> <td>Converts a string to a long. </td></tr> <tr><td>_atold </td> <td>Converts a string a long double. </td></tr> <tr><td>_ecvt, _fcvt, _gcvt </td> <td>Converts a double to a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>_itoa </td> <td>Converts an integer to a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>_ltoa </td> <td>Converts a long to a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>strtod </td> <td>Converts a string to a double. </td></tr> <tr><td>strtof </td> <td>Converts a string to a float. </td></tr> <tr><td>strtol </td> <td>Converts a string to a long integer. </td></tr> <tr><td>_strtold </td> <td>Converts a string to a long double. </td></tr> <tr><td>strtoul </td> <td>Converts a string to an unsigned long. </td></tr> <tr><td>_ultoa </td> <td>Converts an unsigned long to a string. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Swap Package</h3> <p>These functions move a spawned program's memory image to a temporary disk file. </p> <table class="structure"><caption>Swap</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>swap_clearkeyboardoff, swap_clearkeyboardon </td> <td>Turns clear keyboard buffer feature off/ on. </td></tr> <tr><td>swap_freeparagraphs </td> <td>Frees paragraph memory for a spawned process. </td></tr> <tr><td>swap_freeparagraphsoff, swap_freeparagraphson </td> <td>Turns swap_freeparagraphs function off/ on. </td></tr> <tr><td>swap_isclearkeyboardon, swap_isfreeparagraphson, swap_ison, swap_ispipeon, swap_istempcheckon, swap_istrapcbreakon, swap_iswindowon </td> <td>Returns the flag status of configurable features. </td></tr> <tr><td>swap_off, swap_on </td> <td>Turns swapping off/ on. </td></tr> <tr><td>swap_pipe </td> <td>Copies the output of a spawned program to a specified file. </td></tr> <tr><td>swap_pipeoff, swap_pipeon </td> <td>Turns swap_pipe off/ on. </td></tr> <tr><td>swap_tempcheckoff, swap_tempcheckon </td> <td>Checks the TEMP or TMP environment variable which points to the directory that saves a memory image. </td></tr> <tr><td>swap_trapcbreakoff, swap_trapcbreakon </td> <td>Turns control-c trapping off/ on. </td></tr> <tr><td>swap_window </td> <td>Specifies a screen area to display output from a spawned program. </td></tr> <tr><td>swap_windowoff, swap_windowon </td> <td>Turns swap_window off /on. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Tab Package</h3> <p>These functions control the tab size.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Tabs</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>tab_sizeget </td> <td>Gets current setting of global tab size. </td></tr> <tr><td>tab_sizegetenv </td> <td>Gets the tab environment variable. </td></tr> <tr><td>tab_sizeputenv </td> <td>Defines the tab environment variable. </td></tr> <tr><td>tab_sizeset </td> <td>Sets the global tab size. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Terminate and Stay Resident Package</h3> <p>The Terminate and Stay Resident (TSR) functions are useful in programs that can optionally reside in memory or run as a background process.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>TSR</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>tsr_install </td> <td>Loads the program into memory. </td></tr> <tr><td>tsr_service </td> <td>Provides compatibility with other TSRs. </td></tr> <tr><td>tsr_uninstall </td> <td>Removes the program from memory. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Time and Date</h3> <p>These functions and variables access the system time, convert from one time format to another, and perform other operations regarding the time and date. UCT is Universal Coordinated Timezone.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>Time and Date</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>asctime </td> <td>Formats a time as a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>clock </td> <td>Returns the time since the program started. </td></tr> <tr><td>ctime </td> <td>Formats a time value as a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>_daylight </td> <td>True if the current time zone has a daylight savings time. </td></tr> <tr><td>difftime </td> <td>Returns the difference of two times. </td></tr> <tr><td>_dos_setdate </td> <td>Sets the system date. </td></tr> <tr><td>_dos_settime </td> <td>Sets the system time. </td></tr> <tr><td>_ftime,_dos_gettime, gettime </td> <td>Returns the current system time. </td></tr> <tr><td>getdate, _dos_getdate </td> <td>Returns the current system date. </td></tr> <tr><td>gmtime </td> <td>Returns the current time in the UCT. </td></tr> <tr><td>localtime </td> <td>Converts a time to the local time. </td></tr> <tr><td>mktime </td> <td>Converts a local time to a time. </td></tr> <tr><td>stime </td> <td>Sets the systems date and time. </td></tr> <tr><td>_strdate </td> <td>Formats the date as a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>_strtime </td> <td>Formats the time as a string. </td></tr> <tr><td>time </td> <td>Returns elapsed time in seconds from a standard point in time. </td></tr> <tr><td>_timezone </td> <td>The difference in seconds between UCT and the current time zone. </td></tr> <tr><td>_tzname </td> <td>The name of the current time zone and daylight saving timezone. </td></tr> <tr><td>_tzset </td> <td>Resets _tzname, _daylight, _timezone. </td></tr> </table> <h3>Variable Numbers of Function Arguments</h3> <p>Any C function declared __cdecl (the default) can potentially have a variable number of arguments. C functions declared __pascal cannot. The following functions access variable arguments. </p> <table class="structure"><caption>Variadic Function Arguments</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>va_arg, va_end, va_start </td> <td>Allows access to variable numbers of arguments to a function. </td></tr> <tr><td>vfprintf </td> <td>Formats and prints a variable argument list to a stream. </td></tr> <tr><td>vprintf </td> <td>Formats and prints a variable argument list to the stdout stream. </td></tr> <tr><td>_vsnprintf </td> <td>Formats a variable argument list to a string of set length. </td></tr> <tr><td>vsprintf </td> <td>Formats a variable argument list to a string. </td></tr> </table> <h3>WINIO (WINDOS) Package</h3> <p>WINIO functions provide a DOS-like procedure based wrapper over event-driven Windows 3 application code. WINIO is sometimes called WINDOS. See also Appendix D, The WINIO Library. </p> <table class="structure"><caption>WINIO</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>fail </td> <td>Displays message/ terminates WINIO. </td></tr> <tr><td>ungets </td> <td>Pushes a string into the input stream. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_about </td> <td>Edits an About dialog text. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_bufsize </td> <td>Gets a window's buffer size. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_clear </td> <td>Clears a window's buffer size. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_close </td> <td>Closes the window. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_closeall </td> <td>Closes all WINIO application windows. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_current </td> <td>Gets the current window's handle. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_defwindowsize </td> <td>Sets default window size. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_end </td> <td>Signals that task is terminating. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_getinfo </td> <td>Gets window information. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_hmenufile </td> <td>Modifies File menu. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_hmenuhelp </td> <td>Modifies Help menu. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_hmenumain </td> <td>Modifies main menu. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_home </td> <td>Positions cursor to home. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_init </td> <td>Initializes WINIO. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_onclose </td> <td>Handles window closings. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_onpaintentry </td> <td>Initializes Graphic Display Interface. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_onpaintexit </td> <td>Releases Display Context. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_openwindows </td> <td>Returns number of open windows. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_resetbusy </td> <td>Releases cursor. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_setbufsize </td> <td>Sets the window's buffer size. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_setbusy </td> <td>Blocks user input. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_setcurrent </td> <td>Changes the current window. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_setecho </td> <td>Controls echoing to stdout. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_setfont </td> <td>Sets a window's font. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_setlinefn </td> <td>Installs a handler invoked by double-clicking line of text. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_setmenufunc </td> <td>Installs a handler invoked by selecting a menu item. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_setpaint </td> <td>Turns on/ off automatic display update. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_settitle </td> <td>Changes title bar text. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_warn </td> <td>Displays message box. </td></tr> <tr><td>winio_window </td> <td>Creates additional windows. </td></tr> <tr><td>wmhandler_create </td> <td>Initializes WM_handler table. </td></tr> <tr><td>wmhandler_destroy </td> <td>Frees memory allocated by wmhandler_create. </td></tr> <tr><td>wmhandler_get </td> <td>Gets message handling function. </td></tr> <tr><td>wmhandler_hwnd </td> <td>Creates internal WMHANDLER window. </td></tr> <tr><td>wmhandler_set </td> <td>Installs message handler. </td></tr> <tr><td>wmhandler_wndproc </td> <td>Implements message switching protocol. </td></tr> <tr><td>wmhandler_yield </td> <td>Receives and sends messages. </td></tr> </table> <h3>X Memory Model</h3> <p>The X386 functions are implemented for the X memory model only.</p> <table class="structure"><caption>X Memory Model</caption><tr><th>F/V</th> <th>Description</th></tr> <tr><td>_x386_coreleft</td> <td>Returns largest free memory block.</td></tr> <tr><td>_x386_free_protected_ptr</td> <td>Frees a protected pointer.</td></tr> <tr><td>_x386_get_abs_address</td> <td>Gets the absolute address.</td></tr> <tr><td>_x386_map_physical_address</td> <td>Maps the physical address.</td></tr> <tr><td>_x386_memlock</td> <td>Locks memory region in virtual memory environment.</td></tr> <tr><td>_x386_memunlock</td> <td>Unlocks memory region in virtual memory environment.</td></tr> <tr><td>_x386_mk_protected_ptr</td> <td>Returns a protected pointer.</td></tr> </table> </div> <div id="footernav"> <a href="https://www.digitalmars.com/" title="digitalmars.com">Home</a> | <a href="/index.cgi/speech/https://digitalmars.com/rtl/../ctg/ctg.html" 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