Work with recursive CTEs

In GoogleSQL for BigQuery, a WITH clause contains one or more common table expressions (CTEs) that you can reference in a query expression. CTEs can be non-recursive, recursive, or both. The RECURSIVE keyword enables recursion in the WITH clause (WITH RECURSIVE).

A recursive CTE can reference itself, a preceding CTE, or a subsequent CTE. A non-recursive CTE can reference only preceding CTEs and can't reference itself. Recursive CTEs run continuously until no new results are found, while non-recursive CTEs run once. For these reasons, recursive CTEs are commonly used for querying hierarchical data and graph data.

For example, consider a graph where each row represents a node that can link to other nodes. To find the transitive closure of all reachable nodes from a particular start node without knowing the maximum number of hops, you would need a recursive CTE in the query (WITH RECURSIVE). The recursive query would start with the base case of the start node, and each step would compute the new unseen nodes that can be reached from all the nodes seen so far up to the previous step. The query concludes when no new nodes can be found.

However, recursive CTEs can be computationally expensive, so before you use them, review this guide and the WITH clause section of the GoogleSQL reference documentation.

Create a recursive CTE

To create a recursive CTE in GoogleSQL, use the WITH RECURSIVE clause as shown in the following example:

WITHRECURSIVE
CTE_1AS(
(SELECT1ASiterationUNIONALLSELECT1ASiteration)
UNIONALL
SELECTiteration+1ASiterationFROMCTE_1WHEREiteration < 3
)
SELECTiterationFROMCTE_1
ORDERBY1ASC

The preceding example produces the following results:

/*-----------*
 | iteration |
 +-----------+
 | 1 |
 | 1 |
 | 2 |
 | 2 |
 | 3 |
 | 3 |
 *-----------*/

A recursive CTE includes a base term, a union operator, and a recursive term. The base term runs the first iteration of the recursive union operation. The recursive term runs the remaining iterations and must include one self-reference to the recursive CTE. Only the recursive term can include a self-reference.

In the preceding example, the recursive CTE contains the following components:

  • Recursive CTE name: CTE_1
  • Base term: SELECT 1 AS iteration
  • Union operator: UNION ALL
  • Recursive term: SELECT iteration + 1 AS iteration FROM CTE_1 WHERE iteration < 3

To learn more about the recursive CTE syntax, rules, and examples, see WITH clause in the GoogleSQL reference documentation.

Explore reachability in a directed acyclic graph (DAG)

You can use a recursive query to explore reachability in a directed acyclic graph (DAG). The following query finds all nodes that can be reached from node 5 in a graph called GraphData:

WITHRECURSIVE
GraphDataAS(
-- 1 5
-- / \ / \
-- 2 - 3 6 7
-- | \ /
-- 4 8
SELECT1ASfrom_node,2ASto_nodeUNIONALL
SELECT1,3UNIONALL
SELECT2,3UNIONALL
SELECT3,4UNIONALL
SELECT5,6UNIONALL
SELECT5,7UNIONALL
SELECT6,8UNIONALL
SELECT7,8
),
RAS(
(SELECT5ASnode)
UNIONALL
(
SELECTGraphData.to_nodeASnode
FROMR
INNERJOINGraphData
ON(R.node=GraphData.from_node)
)
)
SELECTDISTINCTnodeFROMRORDERBYnode;

The preceding example produces the following results:

/*------*
 | node |
 +------+
 | 5 |
 | 6 |
 | 7 |
 | 8 |
 *------*/

Troubleshoot iteration limit errors

Recursive CTEs can result in infinite recursion, which occurs when the recursive term executes continuously without meeting a termination condition. To terminate infinite recursions, a limit of iterations for each recursive CTE is enforced. For BigQuery, the iteration limit is 500 iterations. Once a recursive CTE reaches the maximum number of iterations, the CTE execution is aborted with an error.

This limit exists because the computation of a recursive CTE can be expensive, and running a CTE with a large number of iterations consumes a lot of system resources and takes a much longer time to finish.

Queries that reach the iteration limit are usually missing a proper termination condition, thus creating an infinite loop, or using recursive CTEs in inappropriate scenarios.

If you experience a recursion iteration limit error, review the suggestions in this section.

Check for infinite recursion

To prevent infinite recursion, make sure the recursive term is able to produce an empty result after executing a certain number of iterations.

One way to check for infinite recursion is to convert your recursive CTE to a TEMP TABLE with a REPEAT loop for the first 100 iterations, as follows:

DECLAREcurrent_iterationINT64DEFAULT0;
CREATETEMPTABLErecursive_cte_nameAS
SELECTbase_expression,current_iterationASiteration;
REPEAT
SETcurrent_iteration=current_iteration+1;
INSERTINTOrecursive_cte_name
SELECTrecursive_expression,current_iteration
FROMrecursive_cte_name
WHEREtermination_condition_expression
ANDiteration=current_iteration-1
ANDcurrent_iteration<100;
UNTILNOTEXISTS(SELECT*FROMrecursive_cte_nameWHEREiteration=current_iteration)
ENDREPEAT;

Replace the following values:

  • recursive_cte_name: The recursive CTE to debug.
  • base_expression: The base term of the recursive CTE.
  • recursive_expression: The recursive term of the recursive CTE.
  • termination_condition_expression: The termination expression of the recursive CTE.

For example, consider the following recursive CTE called TestCTE:

WITHRECURSIVE
TestCTEAS(
SELECT1ASn
UNIONALL
SELECTn+3FROMTestCTEWHEREMOD(n,6)!=0
)

This example uses the following values:

  • recursive_cte_name: TestCTE
  • base_expression: SELECT 1
  • recursive_expression: n + 3
  • termination_condition_expression: MOD(n, 6) != 0

The following code would therefore test the TestCTE for infinite recursion:

DECLAREcurrent_iterationINT64DEFAULT0;
CREATETEMPTABLETestCTEAS
SELECT1ASn,current_iterationASiteration;
REPEAT
SETcurrent_iteration=current_iteration+1;
INSERTINTOTestCTE
SELECTn+3,current_iteration
FROMTestCTE
WHERE
MOD(n,6)!=0
ANDiteration=current_iteration-1
ANDcurrent_iteration<10;
UNTIL
NOTEXISTS(SELECT*FROMTestCTEWHEREiteration=current_iteration)
ENDREPEAT;
-- Print the number of rows produced by each iteration
SELECTiteration,COUNT(1)ASnum_rows
FROMTestCTE
GROUPBYiteration
ORDERBYiteration;
-- Examine the actual result produced for a specific iteration
SELECT*FROMTestCTEWHEREiteration=2;

The preceding example produces the following results that include the iteration ID and the number of rows that were produced during that iteration:

/*-----------+----------*
 | iteration | num_rows |
 +-----------+----------+
 | 0 | 1 |
 | 1 | 1 |
 | 2 | 1 |
 | 3 | 1 |
 | 4 | 1 |
 | 5 | 1 |
 | 6 | 1 |
 | 7 | 1 |
 | 8 | 1 |
 | 9 | 1 |
 | 10 | 1 |
 *-----------+----------*/

These are the actual results produced during iteration 2:

/*----------+-----------*
 | n | iteration |
 +----------+-----------+
 | 7 | 2 |
 *----------+-----------*/

If the number of rows is always greater than zero, which is true in this example, then the sample likely has an infinite recursion.

Verify the appropriate usage of the recursive CTE

Verify that you're using the recursive CTE in an appropriate scenario. Recursive CTEs can be expensive to compute because they're designed to query hierarchical data and graph data. If you aren't querying these two kinds of data, consider alternatives, such as using the LOOP statement with a non-recursive CTE.

Split a recursive CTE into multiple recursive CTEs

If you think your recursive CTE needs more than the maximum allowed iterations, you might be able to break down your recursive CTE into multiple recursive CTEs.

You can split a recursive CTE with a query structure similar to the following:

WITHRECURSIVE
CTE_1AS(
SELECTbase_expression
UNIONALL
SELECTrecursive_expressionFROMCTE_1WHEREiteration<500
),
CTE_2AS(
SELECT*FROMCTE_1WHEREiteration=500
UNIONALL
SELECTrecursive_expressionFROMCTE_2WHEREiteration<500*2
),
CTE_3AS(
SELECT*FROMCTE_2WHEREiteration=500*2
UNIONALL
SELECTrecursive_expressionFROMCTE_3WHEREiteration<500*3
),
[,...]
SELECT*FROMCTE_1
UNIONALLSELECT*FROMCTE_2WHEREiteration>500
UNIONALLSELECT*FROMCTE_3WHEREiteration>500*2
[...]

Replace the following values:

  • base_expression: The base term expression for the current CTE.
  • recursive_expression: The recursive term expression for the current CTE.

For example, the following code splits a CTE into three distinct CTEs:

WITHRECURSIVE
CTE_1AS(
SELECT1ASiteration
UNIONALL
SELECTiteration+1ASiterationFROMCTE_1WHEREiteration < 10
),
CTE_2AS(
SELECT*FROMCTE_1WHEREiteration=10
UNIONALL
SELECTiteration+1ASiterationFROMCTE_2WHEREiteration < 10*2
),
CTE_3AS(
SELECT*FROMCTE_2WHEREiteration=10*2
UNIONALL
SELECTiteration+1ASiterationFROMCTE_3WHEREiteration < 10*3
)
SELECTiterationFROMCTE_1
UNIONALL
SELECTiterationFROMCTE_2WHEREiteration > 10
UNIONALL
SELECTiterationFROMCTE_3WHEREiteration > 20
ORDERBY1ASC

In the preceding example, 500 iterations is replaced with 10 iterations so that it's faster to see the results of the query. The query produces 30 rows, but each recursive CTE only iterates 10 times. The output looks like the following:

/*-----------*
 | iteration |
 +-----------+
 | 2 |
 | ... |
 | 30 |
 *-----------*/

You could test the previous query on much larger iterations.

Use a loop instead of a recursive CTE

To avoid iteration limits, consider using a loop instead of a recursive CTE. You can create a loop with one of several loop statements, such as LOOP, REPEAT, or WHILE. For more information, see Loops.

Change the recursive limit

If you think the following factors apply, contact Customer Care to raise the recursive limit:

  • You have a valid reason for your recursive CTE to run more than 500 iterations.
  • You're OK with a much longer execution.

Keep in mind that raising the recursive limit has potential risks:

  • Your CTE might fail with a different error message, such as memory exceeded or timeout.
  • If your project is using the on-demand pricing model, your CTE might still fail with a billing tier error until you switch to the capacity-based pricing model.
  • A recursive CTE with a large number of iterations consumes a lot of resources. This might impact other queries that are running within the same reservation, since they compete for shared resources.

Pricing

If you use on-demand billing, BigQuery charges based on the number of bytes that are processed during execution of a query with a recursive CTE.

For more information, see Query size calculation.

Quotas

For information about recursive CTE quotas and limits, see Quotas and limits.

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Last updated 2025年10月15日 UTC.