Database System Concepts
Database System Concepts
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780078022159
Author: Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <climits>

using namespace std;
class BalancedTernary {
protected:
// Store the value as a reversed string of +, 0 and - characters
string value;

// Helper function to change a balanced ternary character to an integer
int charToInt(char c) const {
if (c == '0')
return 0;
return 44 - c;
}

// Helper function to negate a string of ternary characters
string negate(string s) const {
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); ++i) {
if (s[i] == '+')
s[i] = '-';
else if (s[i] == '-')
s[i] = '+';
}
return s;
}

public:
// Default constructor
BalancedTernary() {
value = "0";
}

// Construct from a string
BalancedTernary(string s) {
value = string(s.rbegin(), s.rend());
}

// Construct from an integer
BalancedTernary(long long n) {
if (n == 0) {
value = "0";
return;
}

bool neg = n < 0;
if (neg)
n = -n;

value = "";
while (n != 0) {
int r = n % 3;
if (r == 0)
value += "0";
else if (r == 1)
value += "+";
else {
value += "-";
++n;
}

n /= 3;
}

if (neg)
value = negate(value);
}

// Copy constructor
BalancedTernary(const BalancedTernary & n) {
value = n.value;
}

// Addition operators
BalancedTernary operator + (BalancedTernary n) const {
n += * this;
return n;
}

BalancedTernary & operator += (const BalancedTernary & n) {
static char * add = "0+-0+-0";
static char * carry = "--000++";

int lastNonZero = 0;
char c = '0';
for (int i = 0; i < value.length() || i < n.value.length(); ++i) {
char a = i < value.length() ? value[i] : '0';
char b = i < n.value.length() ? n.value[i] : '0';

int sum = charToInt(a) + charToInt(b) + charToInt(c) + 3;
c = carry[sum];

if (i < value.length())
value[i] = add[sum];
else
value += add[sum];

if (add[sum] != '0')
lastNonZero = i;
}

if (c != '0')
value += c;
else
value = value.substr(0, lastNonZero + 1); // Chop off leading zeroes

return *this;
}

// Negation operator
BalancedTernary operator - () const {
BalancedTernary result;
result.value = negate(value);
return result;
}

// Subtraction operators
BalancedTernary operator - (const BalancedTernary & n) const {
return operator + (-n);
}

BalancedTernary & operator -= (const BalancedTernary & n) {
return operator += (-n);
}

// Multiplication operators
BalancedTernary operator * (BalancedTernary n) const {
n *= * this;
return n;
}

BalancedTernary & operator *= (const BalancedTernary & n) {
BalancedTernary pos = * this;
BalancedTernary neg = -pos; // Storing an extra copy to avoid negating repeatedly
value = "0";

for (int i = 0; i < n.value.length(); ++i) {
if (n.value[i] == '+')
operator += (pos);
else if (n.value[i] == '-')
operator += (neg);
pos.value = '0' + pos.value;
neg.value = '0' + neg.value;
}

return *this;
}

// Stream output operator
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out,
const BalancedTernary & n) {
out << n.toString();
return out;
}

// Convert to string
string toString() const {
return string(value.rbegin(), value.rend());
}

// Convert to integer
long long toInt() const {
long long result = 0;
for (long long i = 0, pow = 1; i < value.length(); ++i, pow *= 3)
result += pow * charToInt(value[i]);
return result;
}

// Convert to integer if possible
bool tryInt(long long & out) const {
long long result = 0;
bool ok = true;

for (long long i = 0, pow = 1; i < value.length() && ok; ++i, pow *= 3) {
if (value[i] == '+') {
ok &= LLONG_MAX - pow >= result; // Clear ok if the result overflows
result += pow;
} else if (value[i] == '-') {
ok &= LLONG_MIN + pow <= result; // Clear ok if the result overflows
result -= pow;
}
}

if (ok)
out = result;
return ok;
}
};

int main() {
int num, num1, num2, num3;
cout << "enter a: ";
cin >> num;
cout << "enter b: ";
cin >> num1;
cout << "enter c: ";
cin >> num2;
BalancedTernary a(num);
BalancedTernary b(num1);
BalancedTernary c(num2);
cout << "a = " << a.toInt() << " = " << a.toInt() << endl;
cout << "b = " << b.toInt() << " = " << b.toInt() << endl;
cout << "c = " << c.toInt() << " = " << c.toInt() << endl;
cout << "\n";
cout << a.toInt() << " = " << a.toInt() << endl;
BalancedTernary z = c - a;
cout << z.toInt() << " = " << c.toInt() << " - " << a.toInt() << endl;
cout << c.toInt() << " = " << c.toInt() << endl;
BalancedTernary y = c + a;
cout << y.toInt() << " = " << c.toInt() << " + " << a.toInt() << endl;
cout << "\n";
BalancedTernary d = a + b * c;
cout << "a + b * c = " << d.toInt() << "=" << d.toInt() << endl;
return 0;
}

Can I get an clear explaination of this program with and algorithm?

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