Fig. 1

Location of Aomori Prefecture (a), Lake Obuchi (b) in Japan, and model grid used for simulations (c), with colors indicating water depth (m). The model employs terrain-following coordinates in the vertical direction with five layers. Lake Obuchi receives freshwater inflow from the Futamata River and two streams from the north and south. The lake connects to the Pacific Ocean through the Obuchi River, enabling tidal water exchange. Station C indicates the comparison point with observational data in the central part of the lake, and the survey line shows the cross section for examining water flux between the lake and ocean