Sirmauri language
| Sirmauri | |
|---|---|
| सिरमौरी | |
| Sirmauri written in Sirmauri script. | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Himachal Pradesh |
| Ethnicity | Sirmauri people |
Native speakers | 107,401 (2011 census)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Sirmauri script[2] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | srx |
| Glottolog | sirm1239 |
| ELP | Sirmauri |
Sirmauri is a Western Pahari language spoken in the Sirmaur district in the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. Its two main varieties are Dharthi (also called Giriwari) and Giripari.
Phonology
[edit ]Consonants
[edit ]| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiced | m | n | ɳ | ŋ | |
| breathy | mɦ | nɦ | ||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tɕ | k |
| aspirated | ph | th | ʈh | tɕh | kh | |
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʑ | ɡ | |
| breathy | bɦ | dɦ | ɖɦ | dʑɦ | ɡɦ | |
| Fricative | s | ɕ | h | |||
| Rhotic | voiced | r | ɽ | |||
| breathy | ɽɦ | |||||
| Lateral | voiced | l | ɭ | |||
| breathy | lɦ | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
Vowels
[edit ]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | iː | uː | |
| ɪ | ʊ | ||
| Mid | eː | ə | oː |
| ɛ | ɔ | ||
| Low | (æ ) | ɑ ɑː | |
Grammar
[edit ]Postpositions
[edit ]| case | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| genitive | /ra/ | /ree/ | /roo/ |
| locative | /da/ | /dee/ | /doo/ |
| ablative | /sa/ | /see/ | /soo/ |
Script
[edit ]The native script of the language is called the Sirmauri script.[4] This script is under proposal to be encoded in Unicode.[5] . Pabuchi was a script used by a class of astrologers.
Status
[edit ]The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali. The language has no official status and is recorded as a dialect of Hindi.[6] According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is in the critically endangered category, i.e. the youngest speakers of Sirmauri are generally grandparents or older and they too speak it infrequently or partially.[7] Earlier the language enjoyed some state patronage, but this ended after independence due to the government favoring Hindi more.
The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, was made in 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.[8] However, no positive progress on this matter has been made since then. Some small organisations are attempting to save the language.[9]
References
[edit ]- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018年07月07日.
- ^ Grierson, George Abraham. Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume 9.4. pp. 458–459.
- ^ "Language in India". www.languageinindia.com. Retrieved 2017年12月30日.
- ^ Grierson, George Abraham. Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume 9.4. pp. 383–84, 458–59.
- ^ "Sirmauri Unicode" (PDF).
- ^ "Indian Language Census" (PDF).
- ^ "Endangered Language". 15 April 2011.
- ^ "Pahari Inclusion". Zee News.
- ^ "Pahari Inclusion". The Statesman.
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