Piaroa language
| Piaroa | |
|---|---|
| De'aruwa | |
| Native to | Colombia and Venezuela |
| Ethnicity | Piaroa people |
Native speakers | 13,000–14,000 (2001)[1] |
Piaroa–Saliban
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pid |
| Glottolog | piar1243 |
| ELP |
|
Piaroa (also called Guagua ~ Kuakua ~ Quaqua, Adole ~ Ature, Wo’tiheh) is an indigenous language of Colombia and Venezuela, native to the Huottüja people. Loukotka (1968) reports that it is spoken along the Sipapo River, Orinoco River, and Ventuari River.[2]
A Wirö language (commonly called Maco) is closely related, the two forming the Piaroan branch of the family.[3]
Phonology
[edit ]| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nor. | lab. | nor. | lab. | ||||||
| Stop | Plain | p | t | k | kw | ʔ | |||
| Aspirated | ph~ɸ | th | kh | khw | |||||
| Ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | kwʼ | |||||
| Glottal | ˀb | ˀd | |||||||
| Affricate | Plain | t͡ʃ~t͡s | |||||||
| Aspirated | t͡sh | ||||||||
| Ejective | t͡sʼ | ||||||||
| Fricative | s | hx | hxw | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||
| Flap/Lateral | ɾ | ʎ | |||||||
| Approximant | j~dj | w | |||||||
Palatalization of /k, kh, kʼ, hx/ may occur when before front vowels as [kj, kjh, kjʼ, hj].
/ph/ may also be heard as a fricative [ɸ] in free variation.
Sounds /j/ and /t͡ʃ/ may have allophones of [dj, t͡s].
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u ɯ |
| Mid | e | ɤ~o | |
| Open | æ | ɑ~ɒ |
Vowels /ɤ, ɑ/ are rounded as [o, ɒ] when after labial sounds.[4]
References
[edit ]
- ^ "Endangered Languages Project – Piaroa" . Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages . Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Zamponi, R. 2017 'Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodɨ: relationships among three linguistic lineages of the mid-Orinoco region'. Anthropological Linguistics 59: 263-321.
- ^ Mosonyi, Esteban E. (2002). Elementos De Gramática Piaroa: Algunas Consideraciones Sobre Sus Clases Nominales (PDF).
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