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Grammar book

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Reference book on grammar

A grammar book is a book or treatise describing the grammar of one or more languages. In linguistics, such a book is itself frequently referred to as a grammar.

Etymology

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Ancient Greek had the term τέκνή γραμματική (téchnē grammatikḗ, 'skill in the use of letters'), which was adapted into Latin as ars grammatica . This term was used in the title of works about writing and language, which came to be known in English as grammar-books or grammars.[1] : 72 

Definition

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Although the style and content of grammar-books varies enormously, they generally aim for a fairly systematic and comprehensive survey of one language's phonetics, morphology, syntax and word-formation. Since languages vary across time, space, social groups, genres, and so forth, grammars inevitably cannot represent every single aspect of a language, but usually select a particular variety with a view to a particular readership.[1] : 73–74 

The readerships of grammars and their needs vary widely. Grammars may be intended for native-speakers of a language or for learners. Many grammars are written for use by children learning a language in a school environment. Many grammars are reference grammars, intended not to be read from beginning to end like a textbook, but to enable readers to check particular details as the need arises. Some grammars are prescriptive, aiming to tell readers how they ought to use language; others are descriptive, aiming to tell readers how language is used in reality. In either case, popular grammars can be enormously influential on language-use.[1] : 73–74 

History

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Further information: History of English grammars

The earliest known descriptive linguistic writing, leading to early grammar-books, took place in a Sanskrit community in northern India; the best known scholar of that linguistic tradition was Pāṇini, whose works are commonly dated to around the 5th century BCE.[2] The earliest known grammar of a Western language is the second-century BCE Art of Grammar attributed to Dionysius Thrax, a grammar of Greek.

Key stages in the history of English grammars include Ælfric of Eynsham's composition around 995 CE of a grammar in Old English based on a compilation of two Latin grammars, Aelius Donatus's Ars maior and Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae. This was intended for use by English-speaking students of Latin, and is the first known grammar of Latin written in a vernacular language, but was arguably also intended to use Latin as a basis for explaining English grammar.[3] A key step in the development of English grammars was the 1586 publication of William Bullokar's published his Pamphlet for Grammar, which used a framework derived from Latin grammars to show how English too had grammatical structures and rules.[1] : 74  Numerous grammars aimed at foreign learners of English, sometimes written in Latin, were published in the seventeenth century, while the eighteenth saw the emergence of English-language grammars aiming to instruct their Anglophone audiences in what the authors viewed as correct grammar, including an increasingly literate audience of women and children; this trend continued into the early twentieth century.[1] : 74–78  A key shift in grammar-writing is represented by Charles Carpenter Fries' 1952 The Structure of English, which aimed to give up-to-date, descriptive rather than prescriptive, information on English grammar, and drew on recordings of live speech to inform its claims.[1] : 74 

List of first printed grammars (1450–1800)

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Year Language Author Notes
1451 Latin Aelius Donatus Donatus' Ars Minor was the first printed book by Johannes Gutenberg.[4]
1471 Ancient Greek Manuel Chrysoloras Chrysoloras' Erotemata was the first printed book in greek language.[5]
1489 Hebrew Moses Kimhi [6]
1492 Spanish Antonio de Nebrija Nebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana is the first printed grammar of a vernacular language.[7]
1505 Andalusi Arabic Pedro de Alcalá [8]
1516 Italian Giovanni Francesco Fortunio [7]
1527 Biblical Aramaic Sebastian Münster [9]
1530 French John Palsgrave [10]
1533 Czech Beneš Optát [11]
1534 German Valentin Ickelsamer [7]
1536 Portuguese Fernão de Oliveira [12]
1539 Hungarian János Sylvester [13]
1539 Classical Arabic Guillaume Postel [14]
1539 Syriac Teseo Ambrogio written in collaboration with the Maronite monk Elias ibn Ibrahim.[15]
1543 Sicilian Claudio Mario d'Arezzo [16]
1552 Geʽez Mariano Vittorio written in collaboration with the ethiopian monk Täsfa Ṣǝyon.[17]
1558 Purépecha Maturino Gilberti Gilberti's Arte de la lengua de Michoacán is first printed grammar of an American indigenous language.[18]
1560 Quechua Domingo de Santo Tomás [19]
1567 Welsh Gruffydd Robert [7]
1568 Polish Pierre Statorius [20]
1571 Nahuatl Alonso de Molina [18]
1578 Zapotec Juan de Córdova [18]
1584 Dutch Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel [7]
1584 Slovene Adam Bohorič [21]
1586 Church Slavonic anonymous [7]
1586 English William Bullokar [7]
1593 Mixtec Antonio de los Reyes [18]
1595 Tupi José de Anchieta known by the title Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil [19]
1603 Aymara Ludovico Bertonio [19]
1604 Japanese João Rodrigues Tçuzu known by the title Arte da Lingoa de Iapam [22]
1604 Croatian Bartol Kašić [23]
1606 Mapuche Luis de Valdivia Valdivia also published in 1607 two other grammars for Allentiac and Millcayac languages.[19]
1610 Tagalog Francisco Blancas de San José [24]
1612 Malay Albert Cornelius Ruyl [25]
1612 Turkish Hieronymus Megiser based on manuscript written by Hector von Ernau.[26]
1614 Timucua Francisco Pareja [27]
1618 Hiligaynon Alonso de Méntrida [24]
1619 Chibcha Bernardo de Lugo [19]
1620 Yucatec Maya Juan Coronel [18]
1622 Modern Greek Girolamo Germano [7]
1624 Armenian Francesco Rivola [28]
1627 Ilocano Francisco Lopez [24]
1636 Coptic Athanasius Kircher Kircher's Prodromus Coptus was based on manuscript written by Yuhanna al-Samannudi.[29]
1637 Estonian Heinrich Stahl [7]
1637 Mazahua Diego de Nágera Yanguas [18]
1638 Basque Arnauld de Oihenart [30]
1639 Persian Louis de Dieu [31]
1640 Guarani Antonio Ruiz de Montoya [19]
1640 Konkani Thomas Stephens Stephens' Arte da Lingoa Canarim is the first printed grammar of any Indian language.[32]
1643 Georgian Francesco Maria Maggio [7]
1643 Old English Abraham Wheelocke A summary of the Old English grammar was included in Wheelocke's edition of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum [33]
1644 Mam Diego de Reynoso [18]
1644 Mochica Fernando de la Carrera [19]
1644 Latvian Johans Georgs Rēhehūzens [34]
1647 Bikol Andrés de San Agustin [35]
1649 Finnish Eskil Petraeus [7]
1651 Vietnamese Alexandre de Rhodes [36]
1651 Icelandic Runolf Jonsson [37]
1653 Lithuanian Daniel Klein [38]
1659 Kongo Giacinto Brusciotto [39]
1659 Breton Julien Maunoir [7]
1663 Waray Domingo Ezguerra [40]
1666 Massachusett John Eliot [27]
1667 Kalinago Raymond Breton [41]
1668 Danish Erik Pontoppidan [42]
1672 Tamil Philippus Baldaeus [43]
1677 Irish Froinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh [7]
1679 Sorbian Xaver Jakub Ticin [44]
1680 Cumanagoto Francisco de Tauste [19]
1681 Frisian Simon Abbes Gabbema A grammar of Frisian was included in the Gabbema's edition of Gysbert Japiks's Friesche Rymlerye[45]
1683 Tarahumara Tomas de Guadalajara [46]
1686 Manchu Ferdinand Verbiest [47]
1689 Gothic George Hickes [48]
1690 Pangasinan Andrés Lopez [49]
1696 Swedish Nils Tiällmann [50]
1696 Russian Heinrich Wilhelm Ludolf [51]
1696 Chinese Martino Martini published by Melchisédech Thévenot in his Relations de divers voyages curieux[52]
1697 Kimbundu Pedro Dias [39]
1698 Amharic Hiob Ludolf written in collaboration with Abba Gorgoryos.[53]
1699 Kipeá Luigi Vincenzo Mamiani Mamiani published the only grammar of a non-Tupi language from colonial Brazil;[54] see Arte de grammatica da lingua brasilica da naçam kiriri
1699 Morocosi anonymous [55]
1702 Opata Natal Lombardo [46]
1707 Cornish Edward Lhuyd A grammar of cornish language was included in Lhuyd's Archæologia Britannica .[56]
1707 Sinhala Johannes Ruell [57]
1716 Albanian Francesco Maria da Lecce [7]
1729 Romansh Flaminio da Sale [58]
1729 Kapampangan Diego Bergaño [59]
1729 Mixe Agustín de Quintana [18]
1731 Otomi Francisco Haedo [18]
1732 Lule Antonio Machoni [19]
1737 Cahita Tomás Basilio [46]
1738 Sámi Pehr Fjellström [60]
1743 Hindi David Mills based on manuscript written by Joan Josua Kettler.[61]
1743 Bengali Manuel da Assumpção [62]
1743 Tepehuan Benito Rinaldini [46]
1747 Huastec Carlos de Tapia Zenteno [18]
1750 Maltese Agius de Soldanis [7]
1752 Totonac José Zambrano Bonilla [18]
1753 Kaqchikel Ildefonso Joseph Flores [18]
1760 Greenlandic Paul Egede [63]
1769 Chuvash anonymous [64]
1770 Negerhollands Joachim Melchior Magens [65]
1775 Mari anonymous [64]
1775 Udmurt anonymous [64]
1778 Scottish Gaelic William Shaw [66]
1778 Marathi anonymous [67]
1779 Neapolitan Ferdinando Galiani [68]
1780 Romanian Samuil Micu-Klein [69]
1782 Sardinian Matteo Madao [68]
1783 Piedmontese Maurizio Pipino [68]
1787 Kurdish Maurizio Garzoni [70]
1790 Sanskrit Paulinus of St. Bartholomew based on manuscript written by Johann Ernst Hanxleden.[71]
1790 Slovak Anton Bernolák [72]
1794 Slavo-Serbian Avram Mrazović [73]
1799 Malayalam Robert Drummond [74]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Books about grammar .

Further reading

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  • Burke, Peter (2004). Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press.
  • Considine, John P. (2017). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-medieval Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Görlach, M. (1998), An annotated bibliography of nineteenth-century grammars of English (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
  • Graustein, G. and Leitner, G. (eds.) (1989), Reference grammars and modern linguistic theory, Linguistische Arbeiten, 226 (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
  • Hymes, Dell H. (1974). Studies in the history of linguistics: traditions and paradigms. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 361–379.
  • Law, Vivien (2003). The History of Linguistics in Europe: From Plato to 1600. Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–235.
  • Leitner, G. (1984), 'English grammaticology', International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 23, 199–215.
  • Leitner, G. (ed.) (1986), The English reference grammar: language and linguistics, writers and readers (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
  • Leitner, G. (ed.) (1991), English traditional grammars: an international perspective (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
  • Stankiewicz, E. (1984). Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography. De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Zwartjes, Otto (2011). Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800. John Benjamins Publishing.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Andrew Linn, 'English Grammar Writing', in The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 72–92.
  2. ^ François & Ponsonnet (2013).
  3. ^ Melinda J. Menzer, 'Ælfric's English Grammar', The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 103 (2004), 106-24.
  4. ^ Ingelhart, Louis E. (1998). Press and Speech Freedoms in the World, from Antiquity until 1998: A Chronology. Greenwood. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-313-30851-2.
  5. ^ Dondi, Cristina (2020). Printing R-evolution and Society 1450-1500: Fifty Years that Changed Europe. Edizioni Ca' Foscari - Digital Publishing. pp. 279–297. ISBN 978-88-6969-333-5.
  6. ^ Waltke, Bruce K.; O'Connor, Michael Patrick (1990). An introduction to biblical Hebrew syntax. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 39. ISBN 0931464315.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6.
  8. ^ Toomer, G. J. (1996). Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-century England. Clarendon Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-820291-2.
  9. ^ Gzella, Holger (2015). "A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam". A Cultural History of Aramaic. Brill. p. 5. ISBN 978-90-04-28510-1.
  10. ^ Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie (8 January 2008). The Story of French. Macmillan + ORM. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4299-3240-0.
  11. ^ Stankiewicz 1984, p. 3.
  12. ^ Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (8 June 2000). The Phonology of Portuguese. OUP Oxford. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-159050-4.
  13. ^ Baddeley, Susan; Voeste, Anja (30 July 2012). Orthographies in Early Modern Europe. Walter de Gruyter. p. 338. ISBN 978-3-11-028817-9.
  14. ^ Loop, Jan; Hamilton, Alastair; Burnett, Charles (13 February 2017). The Teaching and Learning of Arabic in Early Modern Europe. Brill. p. 213. ISBN 978-90-04-33862-3.
  15. ^ Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (2020). The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-5381-2418-5.
  16. ^ Degl’Innocenti, Luca; Richardson, Brian; Sbordoni, Chiara (2 March 2016). Interactions between Orality and Writing in Early Modern Italian Culture. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-317-11476-5.
  17. ^ Kelly, Samantha (2024). Translating faith: Ethiopian pilgrims in Renaissance Rome. Harvard University Press. p. 243. ISBN 9780674294172.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fountain, Catherine (2024). "2 Missionary linguistics in Mesoamerica". In Wichmann, Søren (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mexico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 5–32. ISBN 978-3-11-042170-5.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i Adelaar, Willem F. H. (27 January 2012). "Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian languages". The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–58. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5.
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  26. ^ Palabıyık, Nil Ö (2023). Silent teachers: Turkish books and oriental learning in early modern Europe, 1544-1669. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-0367359782.
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  29. ^ Hamilton, Alastair (2006). The Copts and the West, 1439-1822: The European Discovery of the Egyptian Church. OUP Oxford. p. 199-206. ISBN 978-0-19-928877-9.
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  31. ^ Bruijn, J. T. P. (31 October 2008). General Introduction to Persian Literature: History of Persian Literature A, Vol I. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-85773-650-5.
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  36. ^ Zwartjes, Otto; Troia, Paolo De (2021). Missionary Linguistics VI: Missionary Linguistics in Asia. Selected papers from the Tenth International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Rome, 21–24 March 2018. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 202. ISBN 978-90-272-5843-4.
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  38. ^ Kamusella, T. (16 December 2008). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Springer. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-230-58347-4.
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  45. ^ Bremmer, Rolf H. (1 January 1992). "The First Grammar of Frisian (1681)". Diversions of Galway: Papers on the history of linguistics from ICHoLS V. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 59–72. ISBN 978-90-272-4555-7.
  46. ^ a b c d Landeros, Rosío del Carmen Molina (2020). Gramáticas Jesuíticas del Noroeste Novohispano (Siglos XVII-XVIII) (in Spanish). Editorial UABC. ISBN 978-607-607-477-0.
  47. ^ Saarela, Marten Soderblom (2020). The Early Modern Travels of Manchu: A Script and Its Study in East Asia and Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-8122-5207-1.
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