"DDoouubbllee ssppeeaakk!!"

Question 1

Super simple challenge today, or is it?

I feel like we've heard a fair bit about double speak recently, well let's define it in a codable way...

Double speak is when each and every character in a string of text is immediately repeated. For example:

"DDoouubbllee ssppeeaakk!!"

The Rules

Write code which accepts one argument, a string.
It will modify this string, duplicating every character.
Then it will return the double speak version of the string.
It's code golf, try to achieve this in the smallest number of bytes.
Please include a link to an online interpreter for your code.
Input strings will only contain characters in the printable ASCII range. Reference: http://www.asciitable.com/mobile/

Leaderboards

Here is a Stack Snippet to generate both a regular leaderboard and an overview of winners by language.

var QUESTION_ID=188988;
var OVERRIDE_USER=53748;
var ANSWER_FILTER="!t)IWYnsLAZle2tQ3KqrVveCRJfxcRLe",COMMENT_FILTER="!)Q2B_A2kjfAiU78X(md6BoYk",answers=[],answers_hash,answer_ids,answer_page=1,more_answers=!0,comment_page;function answersUrl(d){return"https://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/questions/"+QUESTION_ID+"/answers?page="+d+"&pagesize=100&order=asc&sort=creation&site=codegolf&filter="+ANSWER_FILTER}function commentUrl(d,e){return"https://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/answers/"+e.join(";")+"/comments?page="+d+"&pagesize=100&order=asc&sort=creation&site=codegolf&filter="+COMMENT_FILTER}function getAnswers(){jQuery.ajax({url:answersUrl(answer_page++),method:"get",dataType:"jsonp",crossDomain:!0,success:function(d){answers.push.apply(answers,d.items),answers_hash=[],answer_ids=[],d.items.forEach(function(e){e.comments=[];var f=+e.share_link.match(/\d+/);answer_ids.push(f),answers_hash[f]=e}),d.has_more||(more_answers=!1),comment_page=1,getComments()}})}function getComments(){jQuery.ajax({url:commentUrl(comment_page++,answer_ids),method:"get",dataType:"jsonp",crossDomain:!0,success:function(d){d.items.forEach(function(e){e.owner.user_id===OVERRIDE_USER&&answers_hash[e.post_id].comments.push(e)}),d.has_more?getComments():more_answers?getAnswers():process()}})}getAnswers();var SCORE_REG=function(){var d=String.raw`h\d`,e=String.raw`\-?\d+\.?\d*`,f=String.raw`[^\n<>]*`,g=String.raw`<s>${f}</s>|<strike>${f}</strike>|<del>${f}</del>`,h=String.raw`[^\n\d<>]*`,j=String.raw`<[^\n<>]+>`;return new RegExp(String.raw`<${d}>`+String.raw`\s*([^\n,]*[^\s,]),.*?`+String.raw`(${e})`+String.raw`(?=`+String.raw`${h}`+String.raw`(?:(?:${g}|${j})${h})*`+String.raw`</${d}>`+String.raw`)`)}(),OVERRIDE_REG=/^Override\s*header:\s*/i;function getAuthorName(d){return d.owner.display_name}function process(){var d=[];answers.forEach(function(n){var o=n.body;n.comments.forEach(function(q){OVERRIDE_REG.test(q.body)&&(o="<h1>"+q.body.replace(OVERRIDE_REG,"")+"</h1>")});var p=o.match(SCORE_REG);p&&d.push({user:getAuthorName(n),size:+p[2],language:p[1],link:n.share_link})}),d.sort(function(n,o){var p=n.size,q=o.size;return p-q});var e={},f=1,g=null,h=1;d.forEach(function(n){n.size!=g&&(h=f),g=n.size,++f;var o=jQuery("#answer-template").html();o=o.replace("{{PLACE}}",h+".").replace("{{NAME}}",n.user).replace("{{LANGUAGE}}",n.language).replace("{{SIZE}}",n.size).replace("{{LINK}}",n.link),o=jQuery(o),jQuery("#answers").append(o);var p=n.language;p=jQuery("<i>"+n.language+"</i>").text().toLowerCase(),e[p]=e[p]||{lang:n.language,user:n.user,size:n.size,link:n.link,uniq:p}});var j=[];for(var k in e)e.hasOwnProperty(k)&&j.push(e[k]);j.sort(function(n,o){return n.uniq>o.uniq?1:n.uniq<o.uniq?-1:0});for(var l=0;l<j.length;++l){var m=jQuery("#language-template").html(),k=j[l];m=m.replace("{{LANGUAGE}}",k.lang).replace("{{NAME}}",k.user).replace("{{SIZE}}",k.size).replace("{{LINK}}",k.link),m=jQuery(m),jQuery("#languages").append(m)}}

body{text-align:left!important}#answer-list{padding:10px;float:left}#language-list{padding:10px;float:left}table thead{font-weight:700}table td{padding:5px}

 <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/codegolf/primary.css?v=f52df912b654"> <div id="language-list"> <h2>Winners by Language</h2> <table class="language-list"> <thead> <tr><td>Language</td><td>User</td><td>Score</td></tr></thead> <tbody id="languages"> </tbody> </table> </div><div id="answer-list"> <h2>Leaderboard</h2> <table class="answer-list"> <thead> <tr><td></td><td>Author</td><td>Language</td><td>Size</td></tr></thead> <tbody id="answers"> </tbody> </table> </div><table style="display: none"> <tbody id="answer-template"> <tr><td>{{PLACE}}</td><td>{{NAME}}</td><td>{{LANGUAGE}}</td><td><a href="{{LINK}}">{{SIZE}}</a></td></tr></tbody> </table> <table style="display: none"> <tbody id="language-template"> <tr><td>{{LANGUAGE}}</td><td>{{NAME}}</td><td><a href="{{LINK}}">{{SIZE}}</a></td></tr></tbody> </table>

To make sure that your answer shows up, please start your answer with a headline, using the following Markdown template:

# Language Name, [Other information] N bytes

where N is the size of your submission. Other information may include flags set and if you've improved your score (usually a struck out number like <s>M</s>). N should be the right-most number in this heading, and everything before the first , is the name of the language you've used. The language name and the word bytes may be links.

For example:

# [><>](http://esolangs.org/wiki/Fish), <s>162</s> 121 [bytes](https://esolangs.org/wiki/Fish#Instructions)

Question 2

It will modify this string. Are you intentionally requiring pass-by-reference and modify in-place? And then return a copy or reference to that modified string? If so, languages like asm or C would need to accept an explicit-length string (pointer + length) where the length is either the current string length (with the buffer being twice that size), or it's the total size and you need to duplicate the low half. Thus you need to start from the end and work backwards, or allocate scratch space and then copy back. But there are answers in C and 8086 asm that totally violate all that.

Question 3

@PeterCordes I do not care if it modifies the same object or builds a new one.

Question 4

I'd suggest wording it as "modify (or produce a modified copy) of the string" to explicitly allow answers that do or don't modify in-place. Simplifying the wording to "return a string that's twice as long, with each character repeated" would be nice but then it's not clear if void foo(char *c, size_t len) is legal that takes one input/output buffer and a length, and doesn't have any return value, just a side-effect on the object it has a pointer to.

Question 5

@cschultz2048 it says the string will only contain printable ascii characters, so that implies that they’ll always be populated. I’d expect that any code for this challenge would leave an empty string empty... anyway, I don’t think it’s a test case that I’d use for this.

Question 6

Does this answer your question? Stretching Words Because when you make the two operands in any submission to that challenge equal, programs will obey the behavior described in this challenge. An example of this behavior is here.

Question 7

Malbolge, 20775 and 2334 bytes

Probably I didn't beat anyone with it, but it was incredibly fun to make.

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Try it online!

If the challenge didn't require halting at some point (eg. eof), it becomes pretty trivial, scoring 2334 bytes:

bP&A@?>=<;:9876543210/.-,+*)('&%$T"!~}|;]yxwvutslUSRQ.yx+i)J9edFb4`_^]\yxwRQ)(TSRQ]m!G0KJIyxFvDa%_@?"=<5:98765.-2+*/.-,+*)('&%$#"!~}|utyrqvutsrqjonmPkjihgfedc\DDYAA\>>Y;;V886L5322G//D,,G))>&&A##!7~5:{y7xvuu,10/.-,+*)('&%$#"yb}|{zyxwvutmVqSohmOOjihafeHcEa`YAA\[ZYRW:U7SLKP3NMLK-I,GFED&%%@?>=6;|9y70/4u210/o-n+k)"!gg$#"!x}`{zyxZvYtsrqSoRmlkjLhKfedcEaD_^]\>Z=XWVU7S6QPON0LKDI,GFEDCBA#?"=};438y6543s1r/o-&%*k('&%e#d!~}|^z]xwvuWsVqponPlOjihgIeHcba`B^A\[ZY;W:UTSR4PI2MLKJ,,AFE(&B;:?"~<}{zz165v3s+*/pn,mk)jh&ge#db~a_{^\xwvoXsrqpRnmfkjMKg`_GG\aDB^A?[><X;9U86R53ONM0KJC,+FEDC&A@?!!6||3876w4-tr*/.-&+*)('&%$e"!~}|utyxwvutWlkponmlOjchg`edGba`_XW\?ZYRQVOT7RQPINML/JIHAFEDC&A@?>!<;{98yw5.-ss*/pn,+lj(!~ff{"ca}`^z][wZXtWUqTRnQOkNLhgfIdcFaZ_^A\[Z<XW:U8SRQPOHML/JIHG*ED=%%:?>=~;:{876w43210/(-,+*)('h%$d"ca}|_z\rqYYnsVTpoRPledLLafIGcbE`BXW??TY<:V97S64P31M0.J-+G*(DCB%@?"=<;|98765.3210p.-n+$)i'h%${"!~}|{zyxwvuXVlkpSQmlOjLbafIGcbE`BXW??TY<:V97S64P31M0.J-+G*(D'%A@?"=<}:98y6543,1r/.o,+*)j'&%eez!~a|^tsx[YutWUqjinQOkjMhJ`_dGEaDB^A?[><X;9U86R53O20LKJ-HG*ED'BA@?>7~;:{y7x5.3210q.-n+*)jh&%$#"c~}`{z]rwvutWrkpohmPkjihafI^cba`_^A\[>YXW:UTS5QP3NM0KJ-HGF?D'BA:?>=~;:z8765v32s0/.-nl$#(ig%fd"ca}|_]yrqvYWsVTpSQmPNjMKgJHdGEa`_B]\?ZY<WVUTMR5PO20LK.IHA))>CB%#?87}}49zx6wu3tr0qo-nl*ki'hf$ec!~}`{^yxwvotsrUponQlkMihKIe^]EEZ_B@\?=Y<:V97S64P31M0.J-+GFE(C&A@?8=<;:{876w43s10qo-&%kk"'hf$ec!b`|_]y\ZvYWsVTpSQmlkNiLgf_dcba`C^]\?ZY;WV97SLK33HM0.J-+G*(D'%A$">!};|z8yw543t1r/(-,+*)(i&%fd"!~}|_t]xwvutslqTonmPkjLhKIeHFbEC_^A?[TSX;9UT7R4JIN1/K.,H+)E(&B%#?"~<}{987x/4u21rp(',mk)jh&%fd"yx}`^z][wZXtWUTTinmPkMcbgJHGG\a`C^@VUZ=;::OTS6Q3IHMLK.-B+FE(CBA##8~~5:98yx5.3t10q.-,+*ki'~}eez!~}`_zyxqvYtsVqpoQQfkjMhJ`_dGEaDBAAV[Z=;WPOT7544INM0K-CBG*(D'%A$">!};|z8yw5vt210qp-,+*#j'&g$#"!~a_{ts[[putsVUponmlkdMhgJedcEEZ_^A\>TSXWV98SRQPONMFK.IHGFE'=BA@?!7~5:9816/4u21r/.-,+lj(!~ff{"!~a`uz]xwvYtsUqTRnQONNchgJHd]\aDBAAV[Z=;WPOT7544INM0.JCBG*(''<A@#!=65:{yxx/43tr0)(-nlkk"'&ge#zy~}|_ty\wvYWmlqTRnmPkMcbgJHdcFaCYX]@>==RWV97SLKP31M0.J-+G*(D'%A$">!}||3876wv-t10/p-,l*)(i~%fddcx}`{zy\wvXtWUqTRnQOkjMhJ`_dGEDDY^]@[=SRW:877LQP3N0FEJ-+**?DC&A#98=~|{{276w4t,+0qonn%*)j'g}|#db~a_^^sxwvYXmrUponQlkMiLJfIGFF[`_B@\UTY<:99NSR53OHGL/-,,AFE(&B;:?"~}}498yw5.-2sq/.-n%l)('&%$e@b>,+^^:87Z5n"!10/QP-kMv(gf%Gc543}|0{[-YXu)t87L5]Ol~jjiz++evbaa`M^!=Z|kWWD05S3?O*)o'JJH)F!~f1TAy>,<^]:xJ6YXmlD0SAQPk+vKaJ%%F5ECCX|zz=xRQ

Try it online!

Explanation

I've been asked to explain how the program works. I'll pick on the second one as it's way easier to explain it than the first one, but the way both of these work is really similar.

Let's start things off with decrypting the code. As someone down in the comments did it before I started working on the explanation, so I really advise you to check it out.

It doesn't make reading the program any easier one would say, but before we jump straight into the code, let's review basics of Malbolge.

The virtual machine is based on trits (trinary digits). Each machine word is ten trits wide, making it range from 0 to 2222222222t (= 59048d). Each memory position holds a machine word; the addresses are one machine word wide too. Both data and code share the same memory space.

There are three registers, each of which holds one machine word, initially 0: the code register C which is a pointer to the instruction that is about to be executed, the data register D used for data manipulation and the accumulator A also used by several instructions to manipulate data.

If the instruction to execute is not in the range 33-126, execution stops (the reference interpreter hangs in this case due to a bug). Otherwise, in order to determine the actual instruction to execute, the value pointed to by the C register is added to the C register itself and the result divided by 94, taking the remainder.

Here is a table of all possible instructions.

`(C+[C])%94`	Description	Pseudocode	Op
4	Set code pointer to the value pointed to by the current data pointer.	`C = [D]`	i
5	Output the character in `A`, modulo 256, to standard output.	`PRINT(A%256)`	<
23	Input a character from standard input and store it in `A`.	`A = INPUT`	/
39	Tritwise rotate right.	`A = [D] = ROTATE_RIGHT([D])`	*
40	Set data pointer to the value pointed to by the current data pointer.	`D = [D]`	j
62	Tritwise "crazy" opertaion (see table below).	`A = [D] = CRAZY_OP(A, [D])`	p
68	No operation.	`NOP`	o
81	Stop execution of the current program.	`STOP`	v

An image of the table can be found here

Now as the code is more understandable and it's actually possible to tell what is happening there, we can jump to the general idea of what is happening there.

Without any jumps, programming Malbolge is pretty much trivial. When the jumps are used though, there is decrypting task needed to be done before executing this code again. Everytime an instruction is executed, it's getting straight after encrypted, so it doesn't behave this way it did before.

To illustrate the workaround, let's look at normalized Malbolge cat program:

jpoo*pjoooop*ojoopoo*ojoooooppjoivvv
o/i<iviv
i<vvvvvvvvvvvvv
oji

So as you can see, on the second line we have / and < instructions dealing with I/O stuff. Utilizing the fact that C register is the instruction pointer, we can modify it using i instruction effectively creating a branch. Before the branch happens though, we need to decrypt instructions that just a few cycles away read and wrote output to and from TTY, combined with a jump. As there is no real way to store constants effectively, we need to embed many non-related instructions and use their value to compute other constants needed (utilizing the fact that Malbolge doesn't separate program and data)

Note: Parts of this answer were taken from Esolang wiki Malbolge page licensed under CC0 - link.

Possibly, you might want to check my other answer featuring Seed

Question 8

Woah! How did you make this? How do you program in Malbolge? (these are serious questions, by the way)

Question 9

The day that someone writes, in Malbolge, a program that simply copies its input to it's output, is the day my hair spontaneously turns green. It's the day that elephants are purple and camels fly, and a cow can fit through a needle's eye. This seems to surpass that.

Question 10

@Adám, by a factor of 2, at least.

Question 11

First time hearing of Malbolge, but reading those docs all I can think of is: dang, this is an impressive answer. Is it possible to explain your code, or is it beyond explaining? ;)

Question 12

+1 for "it becomes pretty trivial"

Question 13

brainfuck, 6 bytes

,[..,]

Try it online!

For once, a really competitive answer in brainfuck. :-) It just reads from the standard input (,), then loops while the character read is not zero ([), writing the character read twice (..) and finally reading a new character (,) before going back to the start of the loop (]).

Alternative 6-byte answer:

+[,..]

Try it online!

Question 14

It had to happen sometime.

Question 15

given brainfuck's 8 instructions, could be argued as 2.25 bytes?

Question 16

i don't understand bf much, why exactly could it be argued so?

Question 17

@mTvare you only need 3 bits to codify 8 different instructions. Hence 3 bits times 6 instructions my code has equals 18 bits, 2.25 bytes.

Question 18

Seed, (削除) 6013 (削除ここまで) (削除) 3942 (削除ここまで) (削除) 3884 (削除ここまで) (削除) 3865 (削除ここまで) 3848 bytes

6 2686150228553910251590139707025615036563204497823963635717768129239771871066022173506550480510882628259267028226290577985584582829987099606110915656117177113555095646841841520224800333754793732176561479800611856258812006670385981709167679328497862503284773114717364645850756926464567857029605682209030697372493435852024478962025612141035167904456425050991742516020282696732660004824569723936406080643638019715421991278634074220365586727498681650073989748857985341022350116695714407041551609933358182688736747622670056818175549484918971558384479903673900409406866275258032866680967195428439907751537922194839977711106739550525066186108781580088916582559490041917035011328862266125578018990106393872489460844458091217404944194309597162769266585917996079831048944050703695352212652362891425728346891039020051565145149143668695374506752075410956647268061596926723805877631732070244839345640289062870487268706837056753112890753688530410829624567367052492603150395779619674714389456447573342335882718419424356991739625084740814435581409670174841935167450868967735568432921607395284483532735870628809137816139721467391760314297120583388009684979379888771619327969950939260709632318979448755571394507744993723267176377451465261335636767345281382139780890626858048062851714445255458413414708836044457819560626602471881203745677166851290194466534044374122781840150694963232713079984019097616802988558052961445185981197848860688635007868494303883280609553158126926303057368716954797175868772233997584782178460308584468311133667562020523260687787209651365697360075036255149184531675013585317549831215044187699501112214237282761452176427542227751840469500783022037518267131004723958694850409020207947539046371030202918430731468837057173037358435898981729128093138565524861044307737736772778645659866179416374742499528142506977571896833797572787168504674372995624869224644028121889021513694674680344413147327217671463636201883832593707987630471763158950694907193475270346642656464131212900528377257996057522592531063490286796434946290829640562975054259249630102041301990094261151488784971084438450904697283402436878185751193256803412549504172175692725366543545573099651580644132336272302990268431569623087644930350666119986012078396755208814027614451748455718916151950218835893255721018309717807161101069849247670957963270760531996609510342178009605381013854568528344071028665101709824510991652144229895556116304356971449229862349660751509158124118556805449346752918775201366378708970673708268140336609704879631200464020207189960217784283188350457711700181561855735903701439931161728546207607766764248018356183768557244013532032616392458312600465372655052565572757979232509950076857757257164261786986456779565081319671440867797151240096925123970490604003172676471092543424462070540303172987644037832692737644573481399927217285232015082118420498058022229538934735831710860610342762500071914715742707928060606416262583307855509796730058097681208691054336064995992598081644175617375019325706441005506100489323794725547244923204524790583484243672718647866979116309868261348266944902049457094368284266044502218232850494065571536043568039093446786891928597439310947971461490128765873399872574753055564655381318395939745692438909430171644009177696549501234738931977436030245682360974103741227416811200635596942701451202333113537361407624672328798572271366897755165037017879673502748767425083758652376018772700583221474572236166246539494675416322678094399996691972837962509574037110004298629947088012862552029152119412750923308070223808629424081676003170951500587426197322368913565250353332410276730344732325753114510178069340400741671217608323179698501977213623893949006870978691284571486316780769512681865771113879654002525802085758553029765815927252866913455193686303619992165147682671351400793392238437682055370542229871989802092530537034276944154276536658348210

Try it online!

Question 19

I can't begin to understand this

Question 20

Any chance you can explain how you got this one? Will such a description include the word 'trivial' at any point?

Question 21

How did you reverse the Mersenne Twister?

Question 22

Soon I expect you'll post a thread on golfing tips for Seed.

Question 23

Maybe someone's interested, an in-depth description of one of my algorithms for Seed cracking and example impl in assembly, together with some background and misc info: palaiologos.rocks/posts/mersenne-twister

Question 24

Jelly, 1 byte

Full program.

ż

Try it online!

Question 25

Oh, I was too slow. Was just about to post Ḥ

Question 26

FWIW I'd note that this is a full program since as a monadic Link it accepts a list of characters but returns a list of lists of characters - so it accepts a Python string as an argument and prints the result (as does my 1 byter, although this one may be augmented to work as a Link (ż`F), while mine cannot I believe)

Question 27

(Nick Kennedy points out mine can become a Link with uneval, eval :))

Question 28

@JonathanAllan Pfffft, uneval-eval :)))

Question 29

@Jakuje Jelly has its own codepage, so each of the 256 characters it contains is encoded as 1 byte.

Question 30

Shakespeare Programming Language, (削除) 139 (削除ここまで) (削除) 129 (削除ここまで) (削除) 109 (削除ここまで) 106 bytes

-3 bytes thanks to Jo King

N.Ajax,.Page,.Act I:.Scene I:.[Exeunt][Enter Ajax and Page]Ajax:Open mind.Speak thy.Speak thy.Let usAct I.

Try it online!

Spews warnings and terminates with an error. Deal with it.

Question 31

@Jo King woah, this is a really clever use of [Exeunt]!

Question 32

Haskell, (削除) 15 (削除ここまで) (削除) 14 (削除ここまで) 13 bytes

(>>=(<$"dd"))

Try it online!

or legibly:

\xs -> concatMap (\x -> map (const x) ['d','d']) xs

Explanation: Lists are a Monad in Haskell, and using the bind operator >>= is a concatMap, executing a function that takes an element and returns a list on each element of the list and then concatenating the resulting lists into one big list.

Now we just have to build a function that, given a value, returns a list of that value twice, which is accomplished by (<$"dd"), which can be read as "Take the list ['d','d'] and replace every element with the argument of this function. The "dd" could be any expression that results in a list of exactly two elements, but this is the shortest I could come up with.

Question 33

using <$ was something I never would've thought of

Question 34

@MegaMan Credit goes to Laikoni, who gave me that hint in another codegolf challenge a year ago codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/6281/…

Question 35

Pyramid Scheme, (削除) 229 218 (削除ここまで) 213 bytes

 ^
 /l\
 /oop\
 ^-----^
 -^ ^-
 /[\ /]\
^---^---^
-^ / \ -^
^-/out\ / \
-^-----/set\
 -^ ^-----^
 -^ - /+\
 / \ ^---^
 /arg\ /1\ -
^-----^ ---
-^ -
 -^
 / \
/arg\
-----^
 /1\
 ---

Try it online!

This can definitely be shorter. Input is taken via command line arguments. This equates to basically:

str = input()
n = 0
while str[n]:
 print(str[n]*2)
 n += 1

With a few caveats, like the printing actually being handled in both the loop condition and the loop body.

Alternative 215 byter:

 ^
 /l\
 /oop\
 ^-----^
 /[\ -^
^---^ / \
-^ ^-^ /set\
^- -^-^-----^
-^ / \- /+\
^-/out\ ^---^
-^----- /1\ -
 -^ ---
 -^
 / \
 /arg\
^-----^
-^ -
 -^
 / \
/arg\
-----^
 /1\
 ---

Try it online!

Question 36

The set can be shifted up and left without interfering with anything. Try it online!

Question 37

Pyramid Cult came to PPCG!

Question 38

05AB1E, 2 bytes

ø ̃ or øS (both 05AB1E versions)
ζ ̃ or ζS (new 05AB1E version only)
€D or €Â (new 05AB1E version only)
.ι (new 05AB1E version only)
oS (new 05AB1E version only)
·S or xS (legacy 05AB1E version only)
+S (legacy 05AB1E version only)

Ok, I give up. I'm unable to find a 1-byter to solve this. Loads of 2-byters, though..

Try ø ̃ online or Try øS online.
Try ζ ̃ online or Try ζS online.
Try €D online or Try €Â online.
Try .ι online.
Try oS online.
Try ·S online or Try xS online.
Try +S online.

I/O as a list of characters.

Explanation:

ø # Zip/transpose the (implicit) input-list with itself
 # i.e. ["a","b","c"] → [["a","a"],["b","b"],["c","c"]]
 ̃ # Deep flatten it
 # OR
 S # Convert it to a flattened list of characters
 # (which will be output implicitly as result)

The only program which works the same in both versions of 05AB1E. :)

ζ # Zip/transpose the (implicit) input-list with the (implicit) input-list
 # i.e. ["a","b","c"] → [["a","a"],["b","b"],["c","c"]]
 ̃ # Deep flatten it
 # OR
 S # Convert it to a flattened list of characters
 # (which will be output implicitly as result)

This version basically works the same as the one above for the new version. In the old version you would need an explicit pair ‚ first, and then you could zip/transpose that. Just ζ on a 1D list will be a no-op in the legacy version of 05AB1E.

€ # For each character in the (implicit) input-list,
 # keeping all values on the stack into the resulting list:
 D # Duplicate it
 # OR
 Â # Bifurcate it (short for duplicate & reverse copy)
 # (which will be output implicitly as result)

In the new version of 05AB1E, it keeps all values on the stack into the resulting list when doing a map. Whereas with the legacy version of 05AB1E it would only keep the top value. Which is why these only work in the new version.

.ι # Interleave the (implicit) input-list with the (implicit) input-list
 # (which will be output implicitly as result)

This builtin wasn't there yet in the legacy version of 05AB1E.

o # Mirror each value in the (implicit) input-list
 # i.e. ["a","b","c"] → ["aa","bb","cc"]
 S # Convert it to a flattened list of characters
 # (which will be output implicitly as result)

In the legacy version of 05AB1E, the horizontal mirror builtin would be ∞ instead of o. However, ∞S doesn't work in the legacy version, because it would implicitly convert the list to a newline-delimited string before mirroring it completely (Try it here), after which the S would also include these newlines.

· # Double each character
 # OR
x # Double each character (without popping)
 # i.e. ["a","b","c"] → ["aa","bb","cc"]
 S # Convert it to a flattened list of characters
 # (which will be output implicitly as result)

Double is short for 2*. In the new version of 05AB1E, build in Elixir, this only works on numeric values. The legacy version of 05AB1E was built in Python however, so 2* works similar and repeats the character.

+ # Append all characters in the (implicit) input-list at the same indices 
 # with the characters of the (implicit) input-list
 # i.e. ["a","b","c"] → ["aa","bb","cc"]
 S # Convert it to a flattened list of characters
 # (which will be output implicitly as result)

Again, because the legacy version of 05AB1E was built in Python, "a"+"a" results in "aa", whereas the + cannot be used to append strings in the new version. (PS: There is an append for strings which works in both version, which is «, but when giving two list arguments it will concatenate them together instead of merging each string at the same indices like the program above (Try it here).)

Question 39

There's also ζ ̃ for modern 05AB1E.

Question 40

@Grimy Didn't realize that doesn't work in the legacy version. I thought it was the same as ø ̃, so I didn't bother adding it as well. I have added it (as well as øS/ζS/xS).

Question 41

Alternatively, øJ, ζJ, ºJ, ·J, xJ, or +J.

Question 42

x86-16 machine code, IBM PC DOS, (削除) 16 (削除ここまで) (削除) 10 (削除ここまで) 8 bytes

Assembled byte xxd dump

00000000: b401 cd21 cd29 ebf8 ...!....

Unassembled listing:

B4 01 MOV AH, 01H ; DOS read char from STDIN (AH=01)
CD 21 INT 21H ; read char into AL (echoes input)
CD 29 INT 29H ; write char in AL to console again
EB F8 JMP -8 ; continue looping until break

Standalone PC DOS executable. Input from STDIN, output to console.

Interactive console input:

enter image description here

Input by pipe:

enter image description here

Original 16 byte answer:

Assembled byte xxd dump

00000000: d1ee ad8a c849 acb4 0ecd 10cd 10e2 f7c3 .....I..........

Unassembled listing:

D1 EE SHR SI, 1 ; point SI to DOS PSP (080H) 
AD LODSW ; load input length into AL 
48 DEC AX ; remove leading space from length counter 
8A C8 MOV CL, AL ; move length to loop counter 
 C_LOOP: 
AC LODSB ; load next char into AL 
B4 0E MOV AH, 0EH ; PC BIOS tty output function 
CD 10 INT 10H ; write char to console 
CD 10 INT 10H ; write char to console again
E2 F7 LOOP C_LOOP ; continue looping through chars 
C3 RET ; exit to DOS

Standalone PC DOS executable. Input via command line, output to console.

enter image description here

Question 43

Use XCHG AX, CX instead of MOV CL, AL to save a byte.

Question 44

@NieDzejkob, thanks! The only issue there is that LODSW is going to put the leading space (20H) from 81H into AH which will of course mess up the LOOP if that's in CH... Bummer.

Question 45

Jelly, 1 byte

ż

Try it online!

Pardon my inexperience, I'm just getting started with Jelly. What I believe is happening is that we've defined a dyadic chain, which treats a single argument as both the left and right arguments. In this case, the chain consists of "zip; interleave x and y", interleaving the input string with itself.

Someone already posted a 1-byte Jelly solution, so I hope it's not bad manners to post mine.

Question 46

Welcome to the site! It perfectly fine to post an answer that ties an existing one especially if your answer has an explanation and the other does not.

Question 47

Python, (削除) 34 (削除ここまで) 25 bytes

lambda i:sum(zip(i,i),())

Try it online! Another one that returns a string instead of a list of characters:

for i in input():print(i,end=i)

for i in input(): asking for the input, and doing a 
 for loop for every char in the string.
 print(i,end=i) print the character, and then close 
 the line with the same character.

Try it online!

Question 48

lambda i:sum(zip(i,i),()) should do for -9.

Question 49

@Mr.Xcoder this returns a list of characters, rather than a string. The original can be improved by 3 bytes, though: for i in input():print(i,end=i)

Question 50

lambda i:''.join(c*2 for c in i) 32 bytes but returns a string and not a list

Question 51

Still works with 31 bytes :) lambda i:''.join(c*2for c in i)

Question 52

sed, (削除) 10 (削除ここまで) 8 bytes

s/./&&/g

Try it online!

Thanks to @manatwork for -2 bytes.

Question 53

Those lengthy escaping... Better s/./&&/g.

Question 54

This replaces each/any character with the whole matched search pattern (&), in this case one character, twice via &&.

Question 55

Jelly, 1 byte

Ḥ

A full program printing the result.

Try it online!

How?

Uses a ~~(削除) bug (削除ここまで)~~ feature...
Jelly's "double" atom, Ḥ is implemented with Python's * and it vectorises, while Jelly's lists of characters (its only "strings") are implemented as lists of Python strings which are usually just one character long - that is until we realise that in Python 'blah'*2='blahblah'...

Ḥ - Main link: list of characters (as parsed from an argument as a Python string)
 - e.g. ['A','b','b','a']
Ḥ - double (vectorises) ['AA','bb','bb','aa']
 - implicit, smashing print AAbbbbaa

Question 56

If you wanted to make a monadic link (rather than full program), you could use ḤṾV

Question 57

Ah, I had no idea that'd work - nice!

Question 58

Looks to me like three-bytes character: $ echo -n "Ḥ" | hexdump -C<newline>00000000 e1 b8 a4 |...|

Question 59

@Jakuje The code is one byte, af, Ḥ is just a visual representation of that byte, see Jelly's code-page (also linked in the header of the post).

Question 60

JavaScript (Node.js), 22 bytes

Takes input as an array of characters.

s=>s.flatMap(c=>[c,c])

Try it online!

JavaScript (ES6), 26 bytes

Takes input as a string.

s=>s.replace(/./gs,c=>c+c)

Try it online!

Alternate version suggested by @PabloLozano:

s=>s.replace(/./gs,'$&$&')

Try it online!

Doing it the recursive way is also just as long:

f=([c,...s])=>c?c+c+f(s):s

Try it online!

Question 61

s=>s.replace(/./gs,c=>c+c) so that . also matches newlines

Question 62

@KevinCruijssen The join('') should take care of that. On second thought, that may be augmenting the output in a non-standard way so that may not be valid.

Question 63

@Oliver I don't think it's valid. My 05AB1E would have a few 1 byte solutions in that case. Default I/O for a string is either, well.. a string, or a list/array/stream of characters / single-char strings. ["aa","bb","cc"] is a list of strings however, neither a string nor list of characters of itself. Adding a join or flatten it to a list of characters is valid, but would have to be counted towards the byte-count.

Question 64

@KevinCruijssen Yeah, I agree :-)

Kamila Szewczyk 12.8k1 gold badge35 silver badges61 bronze badges · Accepted Answer · 2019-07-31 17:52:07Z

Malbolge, 20775 and 2334 bytes

Probably I didn't beat anyone with it, but it was incredibly fun to make.

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Try it online!

If the challenge didn't require halting at some point (eg. eof), it becomes pretty trivial, scoring 2334 bytes:

bP&A@?>=<;:9876543210/.-,+*)('&%$T"!~}|;]yxwvutslUSRQ.yx+i)J9edFb4`_^]\yxwRQ)(TSRQ]m!G0KJIyxFvDa%_@?"=<5:98765.-2+*/.-,+*)('&%$#"!~}|utyrqvutsrqjonmPkjihgfedc\DDYAA\>>Y;;V886L5322G//D,,G))>&&A##!7~5:{y7xvuu,10/.-,+*)('&%$#"yb}|{zyxwvutmVqSohmOOjihafeHcEa`YAA\[ZYRW:U7SLKP3NMLK-I,GFED&%%@?>=6;|9y70/4u210/o-n+k)"!gg$#"!x}`{zyxZvYtsrqSoRmlkjLhKfedcEaD_^]\>Z=XWVU7S6QPON0LKDI,GFEDCBA#?"=};438y6543s1r/o-&%*k('&%e#d!~}|^z]xwvuWsVqponPlOjihgIeHcba`B^A\[ZY;W:UTSR4PI2MLKJ,,AFE(&B;:?"~<}{zz165v3s+*/pn,mk)jh&ge#db~a_{^\xwvoXsrqpRnmfkjMKg`_GG\aDB^A?[><X;9U86R53ONM0KJC,+FEDC&A@?!!6||3876w4-tr*/.-&+*)('&%$e"!~}|utyxwvutWlkponmlOjchg`edGba`_XW\?ZYRQVOT7RQPINML/JIHAFEDC&A@?>!<;{98yw5.-ss*/pn,+lj(!~ff{"ca}`^z][wZXtWUqTRnQOkNLhgfIdcFaZ_^A\[Z<XW:U8SRQPOHML/JIHG*ED=%%:?>=~;:{876w43210/(-,+*)('h%$d"ca}|_z\rqYYnsVTpoRPledLLafIGcbE`BXW??TY<:V97S64P31M0.J-+G*(DCB%@?"=<;|98765.3210p.-n+$)i'h%${"!~}|{zyxwvuXVlkpSQmlOjLbafIGcbE`BXW??TY<:V97S64P31M0.J-+G*(D'%A@?"=<}:98y6543,1r/.o,+*)j'&%eez!~a|^tsx[YutWUqjinQOkjMhJ`_dGEaDB^A?[><X;9U86R53O20LKJ-HG*ED'BA@?>7~;:{y7x5.3210q.-n+*)jh&%$#"c~}`{z]rwvutWrkpohmPkjihafI^cba`_^A\[>YXW:UTS5QP3NM0KJ-HGF?D'BA:?>=~;:z8765v32s0/.-nl$#(ig%fd"ca}|_]yrqvYWsVTpSQmPNjMKgJHdGEa`_B]\?ZY<WVUTMR5PO20LK.IHA))>CB%#?87}}49zx6wu3tr0qo-nl*ki'hf$ec!~}`{^yxwvotsrUponQlkMihKIe^]EEZ_B@\?=Y<:V97S64P31M0.J-+GFE(C&A@?8=<;:{876w43s10qo-&%kk"'hf$ec!b`|_]y\ZvYWsVTpSQmlkNiLgf_dcba`C^]\?ZY;WV97SLK33HM0.J-+G*(D'%A$">!};|z8yw543t1r/(-,+*)(i&%fd"!~}|_t]xwvutslqTonmPkjLhKIeHFbEC_^A?[TSX;9UT7R4JIN1/K.,H+)E(&B%#?"~<}{987x/4u21rp(',mk)jh&%fd"yx}`^z][wZXtWUTTinmPkMcbgJHGG\a`C^@VUZ=;::OTS6Q3IHMLK.-B+FE(CBA##8~~5:98yx5.3t10q.-,+*ki'~}eez!~}`_zyxqvYtsVqpoQQfkjMhJ`_dGEaDBAAV[Z=;WPOT7544INM0K-CBG*(D'%A$">!};|z8yw5vt210qp-,+*#j'&g$#"!~a_{ts[[putsVUponmlkdMhgJedcEEZ_^A\>TSXWV98SRQPONMFK.IHGFE'=BA@?!7~5:9816/4u21r/.-,+lj(!~ff{"!~a`uz]xwvYtsUqTRnQONNchgJHd]\aDBAAV[Z=;WPOT7544INM0.JCBG*(''<A@#!=65:{yxx/43tr0)(-nlkk"'&ge#zy~}|_ty\wvYWmlqTRnmPkMcbgJHdcFaCYX]@>==RWV97SLKP31M0.J-+G*(D'%A$">!}||3876wv-t10/p-,l*)(i~%fddcx}`{zy\wvXtWUqTRnQOkjMhJ`_dGEDDY^]@[=SRW:877LQP3N0FEJ-+**?DC&A#98=~|{{276w4t,+0qonn%*)j'g}|#db~a_^^sxwvYXmrUponQlkMiLJfIGFF[`_B@\UTY<:99NSR53OHGL/-,,AFE(&B;:?"~}}498yw5.-2sq/.-n%l)('&%$e@b>,+^^:87Z5n"!10/QP-kMv(gf%Gc543}|0{[-YXu)t87L5]Ol~jjiz++evbaa`M^!=Z|kWWD05S3?O*)o'JJH)F!~f1TAy>,<^]:xJ6YXmlD0SAQPk+vKaJ%%F5ECCX|zz=xRQ

Try it online!

Explanation

I've been asked to explain how the program works. I'll pick on the second one as it's way easier to explain it than the first one, but the way both of these work is really similar.

Let's start things off with decrypting the code. As someone down in the comments did it before I started working on the explanation, so I really advise you to check it out.

It doesn't make reading the program any easier one would say, but before we jump straight into the code, let's review basics of Malbolge.

The virtual machine is based on trits (trinary digits). Each machine word is ten trits wide, making it range from 0 to 2222222222t (= 59048d). Each memory position holds a machine word; the addresses are one machine word wide too. Both data and code share the same memory space.

There are three registers, each of which holds one machine word, initially 0: the code register C which is a pointer to the instruction that is about to be executed, the data register D used for data manipulation and the accumulator A also used by several instructions to manipulate data.

If the instruction to execute is not in the range 33-126, execution stops (the reference interpreter hangs in this case due to a bug). Otherwise, in order to determine the actual instruction to execute, the value pointed to by the C register is added to the C register itself and the result divided by 94, taking the remainder.

Here is a table of all possible instructions.

`(C+[C])%94`	Description	Pseudocode	Op
4	Set code pointer to the value pointed to by the current data pointer.	`C = [D]`	i
5	Output the character in `A`, modulo 256, to standard output.	`PRINT(A%256)`	<
23	Input a character from standard input and store it in `A`.	`A = INPUT`	/
39	Tritwise rotate right.	`A = [D] = ROTATE_RIGHT([D])`	*
40	Set data pointer to the value pointed to by the current data pointer.	`D = [D]`	j
62	Tritwise "crazy" opertaion (see table below).	`A = [D] = CRAZY_OP(A, [D])`	p
68	No operation.	`NOP`	o
81	Stop execution of the current program.	`STOP`	v

An image of the table can be found here

Now as the code is more understandable and it's actually possible to tell what is happening there, we can jump to the general idea of what is happening there.

Without any jumps, programming Malbolge is pretty much trivial. When the jumps are used though, there is decrypting task needed to be done before executing this code again. Everytime an instruction is executed, it's getting straight after encrypted, so it doesn't behave this way it did before.

To illustrate the workaround, let's look at normalized Malbolge cat program:

jpoo*pjoooop*ojoopoo*ojoooooppjoivvv
o/i<iviv
i<vvvvvvvvvvvvv
oji

So as you can see, on the second line we have / and < instructions dealing with I/O stuff. Utilizing the fact that C register is the instruction pointer, we can modify it using i instruction effectively creating a branch. Before the branch happens though, we need to decrypt instructions that just a few cycles away read and wrote output to and from TTY, combined with a jump. As there is no real way to store constants effectively, we need to embed many non-related instructions and use their value to compute other constants needed (utilizing the fact that Malbolge doesn't separate program and data)

Note: Parts of this answer were taken from Esolang wiki Malbolge page licensed under CC0 - link.

Possibly, you might want to check my other answer featuring Seed

Woah! How did you make this? How do you program in Malbolge? (these are serious questions, by the way)
The day that someone writes, in Malbolge, a program that simply copies its input to it's output, is the day my hair spontaneously turns green. It's the day that elephants are purple and camels fly, and a cow can fit through a needle's eye. This seems to surpass that.
First time hearing of Malbolge, but reading those docs all I can think of is: dang, this is an impressive answer. Is it possible to explain your code, or is it beyond explaining? ;)

"DDoouubbllee ssppeeaakk!!"

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262 Answers 262

Malbolge, 20775 and 2334 bytes

Explanation

brainfuck, 6 bytes

Seed, (削除) 6013 (削除ここまで) (削除) 3942 (削除ここまで) (削除) 3884 (削除ここまで) (削除) 3865 (削除ここまで) 3848 bytes

Jelly, 1 byte

Shakespeare Programming Language, (削除) 139 (削除ここまで) (削除) 129 (削除ここまで) (削除) 109 (削除ここまで) 106 bytes

Haskell, (削除) 15 (削除ここまで) (削除) 14 (削除ここまで) 13 bytes

Pyramid Scheme, (削除) 229 218 (削除ここまで) 213 bytes

05AB1E, 2 bytes

x86-16 machine code, IBM PC DOS, (削除) 16 (削除ここまで) (削除) 10 (削除ここまで) 8 bytes

Original 16 byte answer:

Jelly, 1 byte

Python, (削除) 34 (削除ここまで) 25 bytes

sed, (削除) 10 (削除ここまで) 8 bytes

Jelly, 1 byte

How?

JavaScript (Node.js), 22 bytes

JavaScript (ES6), 26 bytes

PowerShell, (削除) 29 (削除ここまで) (削除) 23 (削除ここまで) 21 bytes

Haskell, 8 bytes

APL (dzaima/APL), 2 bytes SBCS

C (gcc), 40 bytes

Rust, (削除) 83 (削除ここまで) (削除) 46 (削除ここまで) 45 bytes

Brachylog, 2 bytes

Explanation

Perl 5 (-0777p -Mre=/s), 10 bytes

Pyth, 2 bytes

makina, 96 bytes

Befunge-98 (PyFunge), 6 bytes

Java 8, 27 bytes

Haskell, 15 bytes

J, (削除) 6 (削除ここまで) 3 bytes

K (oK), (削除) 8 (削除ここまで) 4 bytes

dotcomma, (削除) 15 (削除ここまで) 14 bytes

JavaScript, 39 bytes

EDIT

MarioLANG, (削除) 23 20 (削除ここまで) 17 bytes

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APL (dzaima/APL), 2 bytes ^SBCS

Perl 5 (`-0777p` `-Mre=/s`), 10 bytes