American in the Mid-Atlantic
Evolution
Evolution
Publishing
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Box 1333
Merchantville NJ 08109, USA
Email: info@arxpub.com
Bibliography of
Mid-Atlantic Dialects
Here are some bibliographical references I have collected in the course
of my research. This list is neither complete nor comprehensive, and a
diligent researcher can certainly uncover more sources in local books
and
periodicals. Feel free to contact me if you have written or know of
more
references that you think should be included here.
--Claudio Salvucci
General interest, with some information on
Mid-Atlantic dialects
Allen, Harold B. 1977. "Regional Dialects
1945-1974." American Speech 52:163-261
Atwood, E. Bagby. 1953. A Survey of Verb Forms
in the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press.
Baron, Dennis E. (ed.) An Index by Region,
Usage, and Etymology to the Dictionary of American Regional English.
Carver, Craig M. 1989. American Regional
Dialects: A Word Geography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press.
Cassidy, Frederic G. (ed.) 1985. The
Dictionary of American Regional English. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
Herman, Lewis and Herman, Marguerite Shalett.
1947. American Dialects: A Manual for Actors, Directors, and
Writers. New York: Theatre Arts Books.
Kurath, Hans. 1949. A Word Geography of
the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press.
Kurath, Hans and McDavid, Raven I. 1961. The
Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press.
Labov, William; Yaeger, Malcah; and Steiner,
Richard. 1972. A Quantitative Study of Sound Change in
Progress. Philadelphia: the U.S. Regional Survey.
Labov, William. 1994. Principles of
Linguistic Change: Internal Factors. Cambridge: Blackwell.
[Contains several chapters devoted to Mid-Atlantic linguistics.
Reviews various studies of mostly Philadelphia and New York City, but
also touches on the "Northern Cities" (including Albany, Buffalo, and
Rochester), and some issues of rural Pennsylvania speech.]
Mencken, H.L. 1962 (6th printing). The
American Language: Supplement II. New York:Alfred A. Knopf.
Pederson, Lee. 1977. "Studies of American
Pronunciation Since 1945." American Speech 52:262-327
Thomas, Charles K. 1958. The
Phonetics of American English. New York
Wetmore, Thomas H. 1959. "The low-central and
low back vowels in the English of the Eastern United States."
Publications of the American Dialect Society 32 (of interest to
Mid-Atlantic linguistics (NY, PA): pp. 25-58, pp. 107-115)
State by State Listings
In this section, each state is considered individually from north to
south. The references directly under the state name deal with
speech in the entire state, or large regions of it. Following the
state
listings are city and county listings in alphabetical order.
Occasionally,
ethnic groups will also be referenced in this way.
New
York State
Bowen, B.L. 1910. "A
Word List from Western New York." Dialect Notes 3 (Part 6):435-451
Brandt, H.C.G. 1917. (NY State Terms)
Crowningshield, Gerald. 1933. "Dialect of
Northeastern New York." American Speech 8 (No. 2):43-45
De Camp, L. Sprague. 1944.
"Pronunciation of Upstate New York Place Names." American Speech
19:250-265
Kirby, Thomas A. 1947. "Notes on Virginia and
North Carolina words (PADS 5 & 6) familiar in Western NY."
Publications of the American Dialect Society 8:23-26
McDavid, Raven I. 1951. "Midland and Canadian
Words in Upstate New York." American Speech 26:248-256
McDavid, Raven I. 1951. "The Folk Vocabulary of
New York State." New York Folklore Quarterly 7:173-192.
Monroe, B.S. 1896.
"Pronunciation of English in New York State." Dialect Notes
1:445-456
Palmer, F.L. 1922. "Dialect Words from 'The
Pioneers'." Dialect Notes 1 (Part 8):185-186
Shulters, J.R. 1922. "Hop-field terms from
Western New York." Dialect Notes 5 (Part 5):182-183
Thomas, C.K. 1935-37. "Pronunciation in Upstate
New York." American Speech 10 (No.2):107-112; (No.3):208-212;
(No.4):292-297; 11 (No.1);68-77; (No.2):142-144; (No.4):307-313; 12
(No.2):122-127
Thomas, C.K. 1942. "Pronunciation in Downstate
New York." American Speech 17:30-41
White, Henry Adelbert. 1912. "A Word List from
Central New York." Dialect Notes 3 (Part 8):564-569
New York: Buffalo
McConnell, Oviatt. 1937. "Slang as she is
slung in Buffalo." Times (Buffalo), Jan. 10, 1937
New York: Ithaca
Emerson, O.F. 1891. "The Ithaca
Dialect." Dialect Notes 1:85-173
Monroe, B.S. 1901. "Ithaca Local Circle Word
List." Dialect Notes 1 (Part 8):395-400.
Northrup, C.S. 1896. "Word List from
Cornell" Dialect Notes 1:411-427.
New York: Madison County
Russell, Jason Almus. 1929. "Colloquial
Expressions from Madison County, New York." American Speech 5
(no.2):151-153.
New York: New York City
Anisman, Paul H. 1975. Some Phonological
Correlates of
Code Switching in the English of Puerto Rican Teenagers in New York
City. PhD dissertation, University of Rochester
Babbitt, E.H. 1896. "The English of the lower
classes in New York City and vicinity." Dialect Notes 1:457-464.
Berger, Marshall D. 1968. "The Internal
Dynamics of a Metropolitan New York Vocalic Paradigm." American
Speech 43:40-50
Bronstein, Arthur J. 1962. "Let's Take Another
Look at New York City Speech." American Speech 37:13-26
Cohen, Paul. 1970. The Tensing and Raising of
Short A in the Metropolitan area of New York City. Master's
thesis, Columbia University
Disenhouse, David S. 1974. Phonological
Manifestations
of Ethnic Identification: the Jewish Community of New York City.
PhD dissertation, New York University.
Ellis, Michael Lawrence III. 1993. New York
Fun-ics: You Can Talk Like New York City. Wayne, PA: Valley Forge
Publishing
Frank, Yakira. 1948. The Speech of New York
City. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.
Gold, David L. 1981. "Three
New-York-Cityisms." American Speech 56:17-32
Hubbell, Allan F. 1962. The Pronunciation of
English in New York City: Consonants and Vowels. New York: King's
Crown Press, Columbia University.
Labov, William. 1966. The Social
Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, D.C:
Center for Applied Linguistics.
Parker, Dan. 1942. (verse in Brooklynese) N.Y.
Times Daily Mirror?
Prince, John D. 1934. 'Brooklyn and New York
(Pronunciation)' American Speech 9:295
Thomas, Charles K. 1935. "Standards of
Pronunciation in New York City." Quarterly Journal of Speech
21:265-266.
----- . 1947. "The Place of New York
City in American Linguistic Geography." Quarterly Journal of
Speech 33-314-320. (40:81-82?)
----- . 1951. "New York City
Pronunciation."
American Speech 26:122-123
Tierney, John. 1995. "Can We Talk?" New
York Times Magazine Jan 22, 1995. p. 16
Waldo, George S. 1959. "'He Lives on the Other
Side of
the Street'." American Speech 34:101-108 (different
meanings
for this expression in Brooklyn and Yonkers)
New York:
Roxbury
Shapleigh, Mrs. F.E. 1913. "Word List from
Roxbury, New York." Dialect Notes 4 (Part 1):54
New Jersey
Bradley, Paul. 1980. "Talkin' Joisey."
New Jersey Monthly 4:53-56, 87-93. (March 1980)
Foster, Robert A. 1978. Lexical Variation in
New Jersey.
Frisinger, Ann Louise Sen. 1973. The
Linguistic Geography of Eighteenth Century New Jersey Speech:
Phonology. PhD dissertation, Princeton University. 353 pp.
Hilaire, Paul. 1975. A Study of Variations in
the Pronunciation of English among Ninth-Grade Students in New
Jersey. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University
Lee, F.B. and Skillman, W.J. "Jerseyisms."
Dialect Notes 1 (Part 7): 327-334
Lee, F.B. and Skillman, W.J. "Jerseyisms--Additions and
Corrections." Dialect Notes 1 (Part 8): 382-383.
Preston, David Lee. 1996. “Here’s a vote for
‘Whisojerdiwaitonics’.” Philadelphia Inquirer, Monday December
30, 1996, B02 edition C. South Jersey section.
Preston, David Lee. 1997. “Would the real yiz
please come forward?” Philadelphia Inquirer, Tuesday January 7,
1997, B02 edition C. South Jersey section.
Wilson, David E. 1997. “Listen up: there’s
more than one way to talk like a ‘Joiseyan’.” Philadelphia
Inquirer, Monday March 17, 1997, B01, edition C. South Jersey section.
New Jersey: Burlington
Pugh, Delia H. 1954. "Some expressions heard
in New Jersey". American Speech 29:228
New Jersey: Cape May County
Stose, Dr. Anna Jonas. 1975. "Old Cape
Sayings." The Cape May County Magazine of History and Geneaology
7:216 (June '75)
New Jersey: Pine Barrens
Schmidt, R. Marilyn. 2001. Piney Talk: What
does a Piney Mean When He Says... Pine Barrens Press.
Pennsylvania
Allen, W.H. 1917. "Pennsylvania
Word-List". Dialect
Notes 4:157-158
Anonymous. 1870. [Dialects in the Keystone
State].
Nation 11:56. July 28, 1870.
Anonymous. 1875. [idioms collected in Central
Pennsylvania]. Nation 21:8. July 1, 1875.
DeBoer, Kathryn B. 1971. A Study of the
Relationship of Distractibility and Dialect Differences in
Pennsylvania. Dissertation, University of Denver
Hankey, Clyde T. 1965. "'Tiger', 'Tagger' and
[ai] in Western Pennsylvania." American Speech 40:226-228
----- . 1965. "Diphthongal
Variants of [e]
and [ae] in Western Pennsylvania." American Speech 40: 228-229
----- . 1972. "Notes on West
Penn-Ohio Phonology." in Davis, Lawrence M, ed. Studies in
Honor of Raven I McDavid, Jr. pp 49-61
Heydrick, B.A. 1916. "Pennsylvania
Word-List." Dialect Notes 4 (Part 5): 337-339
Johnson, Bruce A. 1971. "The Western
Pennsylvania Dialect of American English." Journal of the
International Phonetic Association 1:69-73
Lowman, Guy Sumner. 1940. "Report on the
Linguistic Geography of Pennsylvania." Yearbook of the American
Philosophical Society
?
Maxfield, Ezra Kempton. 1931. "The Speech of
South-Western Pennsylvania." American Speech 7 (No. 1): 18-20
Mook, Maurice A. 1957. "Northwestern
Pennsylvania Wellerisms" Journal of American Folklore 70:183-184
[phrases from Crawford County 1915-1935]
Newlon, Claude M. 1928. "Dialects on the
Western Pennsylvania Frontier." American Speech 4 (No.2): 104-110
Salvucci, Claudio R. 1997. Dictionary of
Pennsylvanianisms. Bucks County, PA: Evolution Publishing
Shields, Kenneth Jr. 1985. "Germanisms in
Pennsylvania English: An Update." American Speech 60:228-237
Shoemaker, Henry Wharton. "Old Time Words."
Pennsylvania Folklore Society Publication No. 12. Altoona, PA:
Times-Tribune
Press.
Shoemaker, Henry Wharton. Thirteen Hundred Old Time
Words of
British, Continental or Aboriginal Origins, still in use among the
Pennsylvania
Mountain People. Altoona, PA: Times-Tribune Press, 1930. 75
pp.
Tucker, R. Whitney. 1934. "Linguistic
Substrata in Pennsylvania and Elsewhere." Language 10:1-5
Zimmerman, H.E. 1896. "Word List from
Pennsylvania." Dialect Notes 1 (Part 9):411-427
Pennsylvania: Bedford
Ashcom, B.B. 1953. "Notes on the Language of
the Bedford, Pennsylvania Subarea." American Speech 28:241-255
Pennsylvania:
Bucks County
Heap, Norman A. 1983. A Word List from Bucks
County, Pennsylvania, 1850-1876. University of Alabama Press
Pennsylvania:
Greene County
Braden, Tyra. 1993. Viola! It's Easy to
understand Greene-ese. Allentown Morning Call, September 23, 1993.
Pennsylvania:
Pennsylvania Germans
Gates, Gary. 1987. "How to speak Dutchified
English" Intercourse, PA: Good Books
Gates, Gary. 1998. "How to speak Dutchified
English, Wolume 2 (TWOAH)" Intercourse, PA: Good Books
Page, Eugene R. 1937. "English in the
Pennsylvania German area." American Speech 12:203-6
Struble, George G. 1935. "The English of the
Pennsylvania Germans." American Speech 10:163-172
Pennsylvania:
Pittsburgh
Abel, Ken, and Abel, Jackie. 1992. The
Tongue-in-Cheek Guide to Pittsburgh. Carnegie, PA: ABELexpress
Ellis, Michael Lawrence III. 1993. Pittsburgh
Fun-ics:
Yunz Can Talk Like D'Berg. Wayne, PA: Valley Forge Publishing
McCool, Sam. 1982. Sam McCool's New
Pittsburghese: How
to Speak like a Pittsburgher. Pittsburgh: Goodwill Industries of
Pittsburgh
NB. A thorough bibliography on the Pittsburgh dialect has
been compiled by Barbara Johnstone at Carnegie Mellon University and
can be found online at:
http://english.cmu.edu/home/johnstone/recentpubs.htm)
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia
Ash, Sharon. 1982. "The Vocalization of
Intervocalic /l/ in Philadelphia." The SECOL Review 6:162-175
Cofer, Thomas Michael. 1972. Linguistic
Variability in
a Philadelphia Speech Community. Dissertation, University of
Pennsylvania.
Ellis, Michael Lawrence III. 1993. Philly
Fun-ics: Now
Yuze Can Talk Like Us. Wayne, PA: Valley Forge Publishing
Ferguson, Charles A. 1975. "'Short a' in
Philadelphia English." In E. Smith (ed.), Studies in Honor of
George L. Trager, The Hague: Mouton, pp. 259-274
Hindle, Donald. 1975. Syntactic Variation in
Philadelphia: Positive Anymore. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania
Working Papers on Linguistic Change and Variation.
Labov, William. (ed.) 1980. Locating Language
in Time and Space. New York: Academic Press
----- . 1989. "The exact description of
the speech community: Short 'a' in Philadelphia". In R. Fasold
and D. Schiffrin, (eds.) Language Change and Variation, Washington
D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1-57.
Lebofsky, Dennis. 1970. The Lexicon of the
Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. PhD dissertation, Princeton
University.
Poplack, Shana and Sankoff, David. 1987. "The
Philadelphia story in the Spanish Caribbean." American Speech
62:291-314
Quinn, Jim. 1975. "How to Talk Like a
Philadelphian.",
Philadelphia Magazine, 66:11 pp. 136-154 (Nov '75)
----- . 1976. "How to Talk Like a
Philadelphian Part II.", Philadelphia Magazine 67:3 pp.
124-127 (Mar '76)
Salvucci, Claudio R. 1995. A Grammar of the
Philadelphia Dialect. Bucks County, PA: Evolution Publishing
----- . 1996. The Philadelphia Dialect
Dictionary. Bucks County, PA: Evolution Publishing
Tucker, R. Whitney. 1944. "Notes on the
Philadelphia Dialect." American Speech 19:37-42
----- . 1964. "More on the
Philadelphia Dialect." American Speech 39:157-158
Pennsylvania: Quakers
Hench, Atcheson L. 1929. "Nominative 'thou'
and 'thee'"
American Speech 4
Maxfield, Ezra Kempton. 1926. "Quaker 'Thee'
and Its History." American Speech 1 (No. 12):638-644
Maxfield, Ezra Kempton. 1929. "Quaker 'Thou'
and 'Thee'." American Speech 4 (No. 5):359-361
Pennypacker, Isaac R. 1927. "The Quaker
Origins." American Speech 29 (No. 9):395-402
Philips, Edith. 1927. "Polite address in
Pennsylvania." American Speech 2:458
Tibbals, Kate Watkins. 1926. "The speech of
plain Friends: a preliminary survey." American Speech 1:193-209
Pennsylvania: Schuylkill
County
McFadden, Amy, et al. 1995. Coalspeak: The
(un)official dictionary of the Schuylkill County, OA Anthracite Coal
Region. Marlboro, MA: CoalRegion Enterprises.
Editorial. It’s Schuylkonics, speak it with
pride. 1997. Pottsville Republican and Herald. Jan.
11, 1997.
Pennsylvania: Scranton
De Camp, L. Sprague. 1940. "Scranton
Pronunciation."
American Speech, 15:368-372
Pennsylvania: Snyder
County
Wilson, A.H. 1948. "English Spoken by
Pennsylvania Germans in Snyder County." American Speech 23:236-238
Delaware
Greet, William Cabell. 1933. "Delmarva
Speech". American Speech 8:56-63
Miller, Corey. 1993. "Intrusive l in Delaware English."
Unpublished paper presented at NWAVE 22, Ottawa.
Tanzer, Virginia. 1981. ? [Southern Delaware manner of
speaking]. Column for "The Whale." ????. Lewes, DE.
Tanzer, Virginia. 1983. Call It Delmarvalous. McClean,
VA:EPM Publications
Maryland
Gilbert, Glenn G. 1986. "The English of the
Brandywine
Population: a Triracial isolate in Southern Maryland." in
Montgomery,
Michael and Bailey, Guy, eds, Language Variety in the South:
Perspectives
in Black and White. University of Alabama Press. pp. 102-110
Greatman, Bonnie M. 1970. A Dialect Atlas of
Maryland. PhD dissertation, New York University.
Hines, Carole P. and Shores, David L.
1984. "The Vocabulary of the Watermen of the Chesapeake
Bay." Abstract in the Newsletter of the American Dialect Society
16.3.4
Jones, Harry L. 1965. "An Approach to
Dialectal Bilingualism: Negro Folk Speech in America" Maryland
English Journal 4.1.50-55
Kuethe, J. Louis. 1932. "Johns Hopkins
Jargon." American Speech 7 (no.5):327-338
Kuethe, J. Louis. 1935. "'Water' Terms in
Maryland."
American Speech 10 (no.2):153-154
McKinsey, Folger. 1938. "Colloquial Expression
Indigenous to Maryland." Baltimore Sun, Dec. 5, 1938, p.6 col. 8
Read, Allen Walker. 1933. "Boucher's
Linguistic Pastoral of Colonial Maryland" Dialect Notes 6 (part
7): 337-360; add'l comment pp. 360-363
Read, Allen Walker. 1940. "Words from
Maryland." American Speech 15:451-452
Shores, David L. 1989. "The Islands of the
Chesapeake Bay and Their Language." in Ferris William and Wilson,
Charles, eds, Encyclopedia of Southern Culture
Zimmerman, Rev. H.E. 1916. "Word List from
Maryland." Dialect Notes 4:343
Maryland: Baltimore
Beard, Gordon. 1990. Basic Baltimorese
II. Baltimore: no publisher.
Garvey, Catherine and McFarlane, Paul T. 1968.
"A Preliminary Study of Standard English Speech Patterns in the
Baltimore City Public
Schools." Educational Resources Information Center document 019
265.
Goodspeed, John. no date. A Fairly Compleat
Lexicon of Baltimorese: Compiled from Mr. Peep's Diary 2nd
ed. Baltimore: Baltimore Sunpapers.
Hench, Atcheson L. 1951. "'Arab': a Baltimore
Word."
American Speech 26:70-72
----- . 1956. "Baltimore's 'Arab': a
further note." American Speech 31.310:311
Hisley, Ann Marie. 1964. An historical
analysis of the development of Baltimore dialect. College Park:
University of Maryland thesis.
Kerr, Nora Fields. 1963. Baltimore city
English. Washington:Georgetown University thesis.
----- . 1966. "The pronunciation of
Baltimore city English." Occasional Papers in TESOL 1.2. 13-21,
66-68
Schnitzer, Marc L. 1972. "The 'Baltimore /o/'
and Generative Phonology." General Linguistics 12:86-93
Smith, Ernest. 1993. Hey Hon! How to
Talk Like a Real Bawlamoron. Baltimore:38th Street Press.
Wagner, Philip M. 1941. "Baltimorese."
American Speech 14:230
Maryland: Eastern Shore
Byron, Gilbert. 1965. "Eastern Shore
Idiom." Maryland English Journal 4:12-14
Carey, George. 1971. "Folk Speech and
Naming." from A Faraway Time and Place: Lore of the Eastern
Shore pp. 233-249 Washington:Robert B. Luce
Fisher, Arthur King. 1986. Eastern Shore
Wordbook. Parksley, VA.
Fisher, Arthur King. 1995. Entertaining Words
from the Eastern Shore. Parksley, VA.
Maryland: Garrett County
Warnick, Florence. 1942. The Dialect of
Garrett County, Maryland. Private Printing.
Maryland: St. Mary's County
?. 1982. "A dialect study of St. Mary's
County, Maryland." Chronicles of St. Mary's 30:497-504,
507-515
Washington, DC
Carroll, William S. 1967. "Teaching a Second
Dialect and some Implications for TESOL: A Teaching Experiment."
TESOL Quarterly 1.1.31-36
Magovern, Anita L. 1968. The social
stratification of the phoneme /r/ in Washington, D.C.
Washington:Georgetown University thesis.
Putnam, George and O'Hern, Edna. 1955. "The
Status Significance of an Isolated Urban Dialect." Language
dissertation no. 53, Language 31.4.2 Catholic University of
America Studies in Sociology 40. Washington:Catholic University
of America dissertation
Last Modified: 5/8/02