MathAction Symbolic Integration

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Errors in symbolic integration

Risch-Bronstein-Trager algorithm (Risch algorithm in short) is a complete algorithm for integration in terms of elementary functions. The algorithm either finds elementary integral or proves that there is none. Existence of elementary integral is relatively rare, so given random elementary function probably does not have elementary integral. FriCAS implementation of Risch algorithm is probably the "most complete" existing implementation. Unfortunately "most complete" does not mean complete, some parts are still unimplemented. See RischImplementationStatus. Unlike some other systems FriCAS will not give you unevaluated result when hitting unimplemented part. Instead, it signals error with message indicating that given integral requires unimplemented part. So when FriCAS returns unevaluated result almost surely there is no elementary integral. Almost surely, because as all programs FriCAS may have bugs...

FriCAS in fact implements extension of Risch algorithm which extends class of integrands to some Liouvillian functions and for integration in terms of Ei, Ci, Si, li, erf, fresnelS, fresnelC, incomplete Gamma, polylogs and elliptic integrals. There is complete extended algorithm for large class of functions. However polylog and elliptic integrals cause tricky theoretical problems. Compared to theory current FriCAS implementation contains considerable gaps. Nevertheless, FriCAS can handle a lot of examples involving special functions that no other system can handle.

FriCAS used to contain relatively weak pattern matching integrator capable of generating a few special functions

Ei, li, dilog and erf. Currently pattern matching is only used for one case of definite integration, all indefinite integrals are done by Risch algorithm or extentions and shortcuts.

FriCAS Examples

1)

(1) -> integrate(sin(x)+sqrt(1-x^3),x)

Here FriCAS proved that result is not elementary and found integral in terms of elliptic functions.

Below is result when we keep only algebraic part

integrate(sqrt(1-x^3),x)

Reduce code

int(sin(x)+sqrt(1-x^3),x);

2)

integrate(sqrt(1-log(sin(x)^2)),x)

 >> Error detected within library code:
 integrate: implementation incomplete (constant residues)

In this case FriCAS neither can compute elementary result nor can it prove that result is not elementary, so it gives up with error message indicating that the handling this integral requires unimplemented part of Bronstein-Trager algorithm.

Reduce answer:

int(sqrt(1-log(sin(x)^2)),x);

3)

integrate(sqrt(sin(1/x)),x)

 >> Error detected within library code:
 integrate: implementation incomplete (has polynomial part)

Again, this integral needs unimplemented part of Bronstein-Trager algorithm.

Reduce reduce answer:

int(sqrt(sin(1/x)),x);

4)

)set output tex off
 

)set output algebra on

integrate(sqrt(sin(x)),x)

 (3)
 +------+
 | +---+
 |\|- 1
 |------
 \| 2
 *
 weierstrassZeta
 4
 ,
 0
 ,
 +---+ +---+
 - sin(x) + \|- 1 cos(x) + \|- 1
 weierstrassPInverse(4,0,--------------------------------)
 +---+ +---+
 sin(x) + \|- 1 cos(x) + \|- 1
 + 
 +--------+
 | +---+
 | \|- 1
 |- ------
 \| 2
 *
 weierstrassZeta
 4
 ,
 0
 ,
 +---+ +---+
 - sin(x) - \|- 1 cos(x) - \|- 1
 weierstrassPInverse(4,0,--------------------------------)
 +---+ +---+
 sin(x) - \|- 1 cos(x) - \|- 1
 /
 +--------+ +------+
 | +---+ | +---+
 | \|- 1 |\|- 1
 |- ------ |------
 \| 2 \| 2

This time FriCAS can prove that result is nonelementary and returns answer in terms of elliptic functions.

Reduce answer:

int(sqrt(sin(x)),x);

For this Maple 9 gives the following result:

And Mathematica 4 gives:

symbolic integration

2005年3月22日 11:48:00 -0600 reply