Thursday, April 08, 2010
System error support in C++0x - part 2
[ part 1 ]
error_code vs error_condition
Of the 1000+ pages of C++0x draft, the casual reader is bound to notice one thing: error_code and error_condition look virtually identical! What's going on? Is it a copy/paste error?
It's what you do with it that counts
Let's review the descriptions I gave in part 1:
- class error_code - represents a specific error value returned by an operation (such as a system call).
- class error_condition - something that you want to test for and, potentially, react to in your code.
The classes are distinct types because they're intended for different uses. As an example, consider a hypothetical function called create_directory():
void create_directory(
const std::string& pathname,
std::error_code& ec);
which you call like this:
std::error_code ec;
create_directory("/some/path", ec);
The operation can fail for a variety of reasons, such as:
- Insufficient permission.
- The directory already exists.
- The path is too long.
- The parent path doesn't exist.
Whatever the reason for failure, after create_directory() returns, the error_code object ec will contain the OS-specific error code. On the other hand, if the call was successful then ec contains a zero value. This follows the tradition (used by errno and GetLastError()) of having 0 indicate success and non-zero indicate failure.
If you're only interested in whether the operation succeeded or failed, you can use the fact that error_code is convertible-to-bool:
std::error_code ec;
create_directory("/some/path", ec);
if (!ec)
{
// Success.
}
else
{
// Failure.
}
However, let's say you're interested in checking for the "directory already exists" error. If that's the error then our hypothetical caller can continue running. Let's have a crack at it:
std::error_code ec;
create_directory("/some/path", ec);
if (ec.value() == EEXIST) // No!
...
This code is wrong. You might get away with it on POSIX platforms, but don't forget that ec will contain the OS-specific error. On Windows, the error is likely to be ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS. (Worse, the code doesn't check the error code's category, but we'll cover that later.)
Rule of thumb: If you're calling error_code::value() then you're doing it wrong.
So here you have an OS-specific error code (EEXIST or ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS) that you want to check against an error condition ("directory already exists"). Yep, that's right, you need an error_condition.
Comparing error_codes and error_conditions
Here is what happens when you compare error_code and error_condition objects (i.e. when you use operator== or operator!=):
- error_code against error_code - checks for exact match.
- error_condition against error_condition - checks for exact match.
- error_code against error_condition - checks for equivalence.
I hope that it's now obvious that you should be comparing your OS-specific error code ec against an error_condition object that represents "directory already exists". C++0x provides one for exactly that: std::errc::file_exists. This means you should write:
std::error_code ec;
create_directory("/some/path", ec);
if (ec == std::errc::file_exists)
...
This works because the library implementor has defined the equivalence between the error codes EEXIST or ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS and the error condition std::errc::file_exists. In a future instalment I'll show how you can add your own error codes and conditions with the appropriate equivalence definitions.
(Note that, to be precise, std::errc::file_exists is an enumerator of enum class errc. For now you should think of the std::errc::* enumerators as placeholders for error_condition constants. In a later part I'll explain how that works.)
How to know what conditions you can test for
Some of the new library functions in C++0x have "Error conditions" clauses. These clauses list the error_condition constants and the conditions under which equivalent error codes will be generated.
A bit of history
The original error_code class was proposed for TR2 as a helper component for the filesystem and networking libraries. In that design, an error_code constant is implemented so that it matches the OS-specific error, where possible. When a match is not possible, or where there are multiple matches, the library implementation translates from the OS-specific error to the standard error_code, after performing the underlying operation.
In email-based design discussions I learnt the value of preserving the original error code. Subsequently, a generic_error class was prototyped but did not satisfy. A satisfactory solution was found in renaming generic_error to error_condition. In my experience, naming is one of the Hardest Problems in Computer Science, and a good name will get you most of the way there.
Next up, a look at the mechanism that makes enum class errc work as error_condition placeholders.
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I've once use Asio to wrap MySQL C API and porting MySQL error codes to Boost.System. The tricky part is that, to get an error message, you must pass both the error code *and* the MySQL handle, while you can only specify a simple [error code -> error message] map without any other context information (like the MySQL handle). At last, I had to deprecate the message() method of the corresponding error_category subclass.
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I am a little confused, why error_category uses `const char*` for `name()` and `std::string` for `message()`... It is bad for embedded.
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In the first part of our discussion on system error support in C++0x (now standardized as C++11), we covered the basics of the std::error_code and std::error_category classes, which provide a standardized way to represent and handle errors in C++ programs. In this second part, we will delve deeper into the additional components introduced in C++0x to enhance error handling, including std::system_error, std::error_condition, and their practical applications.
std::system_error Class
The std::system_error class is a standard exception type that encapsulates an error code along with a descriptive message. This class derives from std::runtime_error and is particularly useful for throwing exceptions that represent system-level errors.
Key features of std::system_error:
Constructors: std::system_error can be constructed using an std::error_code or an std::error_condition, along with an optional error message.
Accessors: Methods like code() return the std::error_code associated with the exception, providing easy access to the error details.
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The concept of asynchronous programming in C++0x (now known as C++11 and beyond) brings critical updates for error handling and system support. Here’s an analysis of the key ideas and comments on their impact:
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This article offers a clear and insightful explanation of the subtle but important distinction between `std::error_code` and `std::error_condition` in the C++0x standard (now known as C++11). The author successfully breaks down a potentially confusing concept by highlighting their intended uses: one representing a specific, often OS-dependent error returned by a function, and the other a portable, general condition that can be used in logic checks. This separation is crucial for writing robust and portable code that handles errors appropriately across platforms. Buy a car in Kenya from Magari Deals.
The practical example of `create_directory()` serves as an excellent demonstration of how not to directly compare an error code's numeric value but instead rely on the more portable `std::errc` enum conditions. This illustrates the dangers of assuming platform-specific constants like `EEXIST` will always behave the same across systems. Instead, comparing the error code against a standard condition like `std::errc::file_exists` allows for more flexible and maintainable code. The rule of thumb—"If you're calling `error_code::value()`, then you're doing it wrong"—is a memorable and helpful takeaway.
Finally, the historical context and rationale for separating these two types adds depth to the technical discussion. Understanding that this separation evolved from a need to balance OS specificity with general application logic helps developers appreciate the design's elegance. The promise of future content explaining how `enum class errc` ties into the system reinforces the idea that well-designed abstractions are critical to writing cross-platform C++ code. This series is a must-read for developers diving into modern C++ error handling. Toyota land cruiser for sale in Kenya are cheaper at Magari Deals.
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The classes are distinct types because they're intended for different uses. We have salvation message here just case you're interested.
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C++0x’s system error support brings a clean and unified way to manage error codes across platforms. Trusted Advisor providing best articles like entainment, celebrity, scandals, drama, lifestyle, Technology, Health.This evolution in error handling shows how modern C++ is shaping a safer and more efficient coding experience.
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This is a very clear and well-explained breakdown of system error support in C++0x. The way you’ve combined theory with practical examples makes the topic much easier to understand, especially for developers exploring modern error-handling approaches.Trusted Advisor offers expert insights and honest recommendations across Home & Garden, Kitchen, Health & Lifestyle, Tech, Baby & Kid, Style, and Gifts.
The topic “System error support in C++0x – part 2” offers valuable insight into how modern C++ handles error reporting, exceptions, and system-level issues more efficiently. Understanding these improved mechanisms helps developers write safer, more reliable, and more maintainable code. As C++ evolves, features like standardized error handling make debugging easier and enhance overall program stability. In a similar way, technology also improves creative industries, such as digitizing services for embroidery, which rely on precision and accuracy to convert artwork into flawless stitch files. Both fields show how innovation and improved standards lead to higher-quality results and smoother workflows.
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