trigger_error

the idea is never to give out file names, line numbers, and cryptic codes to the user. Use trigger_error() after you used set_error_handler() to register your own callback function which either logs or emails the error codes to you, and echo a simple friendly message to the user.
And turn on a more verbose error handler function when you need to debug your scripts. In my init.php scripts I always have:
if (_DEBUG_) {
 set_error_handler ('debug_error_handler');
}
else {
 set_error_handler ('nice_error_handler');
}

trigger_error always reports the line and file that trigger_error was called on. Which isn't very useful.
eg:
main.php:
<?php
include('functions.php');
$x = 'test';
doFunction($x);
?>

functions.php:
<?php
function doFunction($var) {
if(is_numeric($var)) {
 /* do some stuff*/
} else {
 trigger_error('var must be numeric');
}
}
?>

will output "Notice: var must be numeric in functions.php on line 6"
whereas "Notice: var must be numeric in main.php on line 4" would be more useful
here's a function to do that:
<?php
function error($message, $level=E_USER_NOTICE) {
$caller = next(debug_backtrace());
trigger_error($message.' in <strong>'.$caller['function'].'</strong> called from <strong>'.$caller['file'].'</strong> on line <strong>'.$caller['line'].'</strong>'."\n<br />error handler", $level);
}
?>

So now in our example:
main.php:
<?php
include('functions.php');
$x = 'test';
doFunction($x);
?>

functions.php:
<?php
function doFunction($var) {
 if(is_numeric($var)) {
 /* do some stuff*/
 } else {
 error('var must be numeric');
 }
}
function error($message, $level=E_USER_NOTICE) {
 $caller = next(debug_backtrace());
 trigger_error($message.' in <strong>'.$caller['function'].'</strong> called from <strong>'.$caller['file'].'</strong> on line <strong>'.$caller['line'].'</strong>'."\n<br />error handler", $level);
}
?>

now outputs:
"Notice: var must be numeric in doFunction called from main.php on line 4"

Beware, trigger_error() is absolutely useless for transporting your own function's error messages in $php_errormsg:
ini_set('track_errors', TRUE);
function x() { trigger_error('MY ERROR'); }
@x();
echo "Error 1: \\"$php_errormsg\\"\\n";
@file_get_contents('/nonexisting');
echo "Error 2: \\"$php_errormsg\\"\\n";
This outputs:
Error 1: ""
Error 2: "failed to open stream: No such file or directory"
This behaviour is consistent with the description of $php_errormsg, which says that the variable will only be available within the scope in which the error occurred. The problem can be worked around with a custom error handler like the one below. However, I'm undecided whether changing the language in this way is good:
function errHandler($errno, $errstr, $errfile, $errline) {
 global $php_errormsg; $php_errormsg = $errstr;
}
set_error_handler('errHandler');

If error_type is E_USER_ERROR then trigger_error throw FATAL ERROR and script stopped after this line.
<?php
$msg = 'This is the test message for echo';
trigger_error('Error message', E_USER_ERROR); // Script stopped after this line...
echo $msg; // This line does not appear...
?>

For those of you looking to use your own file or line number in the error (possibly using debug_backtrace()) instead of the ones created by trigger_error(), here is a solution:
Create a custom function to handle E_USER_ERRORs that simply outputs the error type and message, while excluding the line number and file trigger_error() reports. You may also configure it to handle user warnings and notices if necessary (I did in the example below).
<?php
function error_handler($level, $message, $file, $line, $context) {
 //Handle user errors, warnings, and notices ourself
 if($level === E_USER_ERROR || $level === E_USER_WARNING || $level === E_USER_NOTICE) {
 echo '<strong>Error:</strong> '.$message;
 return(true); //And prevent the PHP error handler from continuing
 }
 return(false); //Otherwise, use PHP's error handler
}
function trigger_my_error($message, $level) {
 //Get the caller of the calling function and details about it
 $callee = next(debug_backtrace());
 //Trigger appropriate error
 trigger_error($message.' in <strong>'.$callee['file'].'</strong> on line <strong>'.$callee['line'].'</strong>', $level);
}
//Use our custom handler
set_error_handler('error_handler');
//-------------------------------
//Demo usage:
//-------------------------------
function abc($str) {
 if(!is_string($str)) {
 trigger_my_error('abc() expects parameter 1 to be a string', E_USER_ERROR);
 }
}
abc('Hello world!'); //Works
abc(18); //Error: abc() expects parameter 1 to be a string in [FILE].php on line 31
?>

This is a pretty simple concept and I'm sure most of you know this, but for those that don't, let it serve as a good example!

The function trigger_error will terminate the script if $error_level is equal or higher than E_USER_ERROR. 
If you write your own error handler you will have to do these yourself.
Example in which we assume the global LOG constant points to a PSR2 logging interface.
<?php
set_error_handler( function ($errno, $errstr, $errfile, $errline) {
 // error was suppressed with the @-operator
 if( 0 === error_reporting() ) {
 return false;
 }
 switch($errno) {
 default:
 LOG->error( "Unknown error type: [$errno] $errstr", [ 'file' => $errfile, '@' => $errline ] );
 exit(1);
 case E_USER_ERROR: // fall through
 case E_WARNING: // treat PHP warnings are errors
 LOG->error( $errstr, [ 'file' => $errfile, '@' => $errline ] );
 exit(1);
 case E_USER_DEPRECATED:
 case E_DEPRECATED:
 LOG->error( "DEPRECATED $errstr", [ 'file' => $errfile, '@' => $errline ] );
 break;
 case E_USER_WARNING: // fall through
 case E_NOTICE: // treat PHP notices are warnings
 LOG->warning( $errstr, [ 'file' => $errfile, '@' => $errline ] );
 break;
 case E_USER_NOTICE:
 LOG->notice( $errstr, [ 'file' => $errfile, '@' => $errline ] );
 break;
 case E_ERROR: // fall through
 case E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR:
 LOG->critical( $errstr, [ 'file' => $errfile, '@' => $errline ] );
 exit(1);
 }
 /* Don't execute PHP internal error handler */
 return true;
} );
?>