The Most Influential Films in American Cinema

The 1970s

Dirty Harry (1971)
d. Don Siegel, 102 minutes, Warner Bros./Malpaso Company

• Director Don Siegel's controversial yet seminal vigilante film of the decade joined other gritty revenge films including The French Connection (1971), the UK's Get Carter (1971), Death Wish (1974) featuring Charles Bronson, Walking Tall (1973), The Seven-Ups (1973), and the Australian film Mad Max (1979) with Mel Gibson.
• This was the first of many hard-hitting, action-packed sequels (from 1973 to 1988) starring maverick, renegade vigilante cop Inspector "Dirty" Harry Callahan ("Inspector 71") who was famous for sarcastic one-liners, portrayed by steely-eyed Clint Eastwood in a career-boosting role. The film reflected a pervasive fear of crime during the early 1970s.
• The main protagonist followed his own unconventional philosophy of justice using "excessive force," ruthless methods, and "the end justifies the means" principle without much regard for the rules and legal regulations of his profession. Often, his methods were as vicious, taunting, sadistic and violent as the behavior of the criminals he opposed.
• Countless other cop-action films, many vigilante films with anti-heroes who followed their own rules, were made to copy this original law-and-order film that was one of the first to appear on movie screens.
• The police thriller spawned many debates about the political stance of the film and the complex issue of the conflicting rights of victims, suspects, and society. Was it a reactionary message piece against imperfect, "liberal" judicial trends that let 'sicko' criminals get away, literally, with murder? Or was Siegel encouraging audiences to empathically identify with the indiscriminate vengeance of the violent, anarchic, unrestrained vigilante 'killer' on the side of the law who acts as an autonomous police power?

Sweet Sweetback's Baad Asssss Song! (1971) (aka Sweet Sweetback)
d. Melvin Van Peebles, 97 minutes, Yeah/Cinemation Industries

• The blaxploitation film genre, with anti-Hollywood films aimed at a primarily African-American audience, was launched with Melvin Van Peebles' groundbreaking film -- it was the first commercially-successful black-themed film. It was the top-grossing independent movie of 1972.
• This unconventional, revolutionary, and seminal blaxploitation film from the early 70s with an all-black cast was directed, co-produced, edited, scored, and written by African-American independent film-maker Melvin Van Peebles (his film debut) - he also starred as the macho black hustler title character.
• After he refused to submit the film to the ratings board (the MPAA), Peebles rated his own film with an X-rating - and used this to his marketing advantage in its tagline advertising on posters: "Rated X By An All-White Jury!"
• The documentary-style, cheaply-made independent film (budgeted at 150,000ドル), aimed at urban black audiences, was released by independent distributor Cinemation, and was shot on location in about three weeks. It was an anti-White, anti-authority diatribe. It was supplemented with jump-cuts, experimental lighting, split-screens, freeze-frames, zoom-ins, tinted and overlapping images and montages as it chronicled the successful (uncharacteristically) flight of a black fugitive nicknamed "Sweet Sweetback" (due to his large-sized manhood and insatiable sexual prowess) through Los Angeles - and toward and across the Mexican border.
• The Hollywood establishment refused to financially back this gritty, low-budget, sex-filled, realistic film with never-before-seen images, soft-core sex and inflammatory racial politics, so Peebles self-financed it (with 70,000ドル of his own money) and sought monetary backing from Bill Cosby (50,000ドル). It was the first highly profitable independent film made by a black filmmaker. From its total budget of 500,000,ドル the hit film grossed revenues of 15ドル.2 million.
• It caused tremendous controversy for its militancy, under-age sex, anti-white sentiment, revenge-themes, and violence, although it was one of the most important black American films of the decade. It was exceptional that a vengeful black man (after witnessing corrupt police violence and almost beating two officers to death) could survive as a fugitive, as happened in the film.
• It forced Hollywood to acknowledge the monetary potential of the untapped, urban African-American market (similar to the effect Easy Rider (1969) had on its countercultural audiences) as a result of this influential film.
• In the same year, the important landmark crime/action blaxploitation film Shaft (1971), starring Richard Roundtree as a defiantly-proud black hero-detective, was directed by Gordon Parks and would become a major cross-over hit. Variations included female blaxploitation pictures, such as Cleopatra Jones (1973), Coffy (1973) and Foxy Brown (1974), with stars Tamara Dobson and Pam Grier. From then on through the end of the decade (but mostly in the first half of the decade), over 200 films would be released by major and independent studios which featured major black characters (and some black athletes such as Jim Brown and Rosie Grier), to profit from the black movie-going audiences.

Deep Throat (1972)
d. Gerard Damiano, 61/50 minutes, Gerard Damiano Film Productions (GDFP)

• Unintended for mainstream audiences, this notorious X-rated porn flick from writer/director Gerard Damiano became one of the decade's top-grossing films, and one of the most influential and successful (and profitable) of all films of its kind. Deep Throat was filmed in 6 days for 25,000ドル (some sources reported 50,000ドル) and was subsequently banned in 23 US states.
• It was an 'event' film - a hard-core stag film that was OK to see on a date or in mixed company, yet it was banned in many localities as obscene. It inaugurated a period known as "Porno Chic" - it was the first cross-over adults-only film that became a hit. After its initial period of release (at a time of sexual revolution), it became a cultural phenomenon and it was fashionable to talk about the film (and its educationally feminist theme of female sexual gratification) or make references to it (such as Watergate's 'Deep Throat').
• It brought adult movies into the popular culture - an era dubbed "The Golden Age of Porn." The XXX-rated film demonstrated how a once-vilified porn industry could produce a must-see film. Other pornographic films that fared well and became popular included Jim and Artie Mitchell's Behind the Green Door (1972) with Marilyn Chambers, and Gerard Damiano's The Devil in Miss Jones (1973) with Georgina Spelvin, as well as director Just Jaeckin's Emmanuelle (1974, Fr.). John Schlesinger's bold X-rated Midnight Cowboy (1969), later re-rated as R, helped paved the way as the first (and only) X-rated film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.
• This hour-long, revolutionary X-rated film (shot in about a week's time, with graphic enactments of oral, vaginal and anal sex, group sex, and masturbation in a dozen and a half sex scenes) told a simplistic plot (with some comic elements) about a sexually frustrated woman (Linda Lovelace, born Linda Susan Boreman) who wanted to "hear bells" during sex. The film helped to educate adult audiences to a wide range of sex acts other than standard intercourse.

The Godfather (1972)
d. Francis Ford Coppola, 175 minutes, Paramount Pictures

• Director Francis Ford Coppola's operatic, violent Best Picture-winning drama was based on Mario Puzo's novel of the same name. It was a bravura, genre-defining, epic-length Mafia/gangster classic that evoked the mid and late 1940's period with powerful character development, lighting, costumes, and settings, and unforgettable lines of dialogue ("I'm gonna make him an offer he can’t refuse")..
• The almost three hour, R-rated saga film (for violence and graphic language) won three Oscars: Best Picture, Best Actor (Marlon Brando refused to accept the award) and Best Adapted Screenplay (Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola).
• Flawless performances came from an all-star cast, a dramatic plot, Nino Rota's unforgettable music, violent set-pieces, and the grotesque severed horse-head scene.
• The film followed the fortunes of the fictitious Corleones, a powerful Mafia family with its own family rituals and separate code of honor, revenge, justice, law and loyalty that transcended all other codes. When Godfather Don Corleone (Marlon Brando) was shot by rivals, his sons Sonny (James Caan), Fredo (John Cazale) and favorite young son Michael (Al Pacino) assumed control, with Michael ascending to a prominent position of power.
• This classic crime-gangster film paved the way for countless television shows (e.g., The Sopranos) and other films about organized crime. Since the premiere of The Godfather in 1972, there have reportedly been over 300 films featuring Italian-Americans as mobsters, according to the Italic Institute of America. Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets (1973) and Goodfellas (1990) must be acknowledged as well.
• Many film reviewers consider the second part equal or superior to the original, although the first part was a tremendous critical and commercial success - and the highest grossing film of its time. See below - the even more popular sequel The Godfather, Part II (1974) .

Enter the Dragon (1973, US/HK)
d. Robert Clouse, 102/99 minutes, Concord Productions Inc./Golden Harvest Company/ Sequoia Productions/Warner Bros.

• This fast-paced kung-fu action-thriller from director Robert Clouse, the big-budget version of the popular Chinese genre of martial arts, starred Bruce Lee in his first (and last) English-language (and Hollywood-produced) film. It was the first kung fu film produced by a major Hollywood studio. It was taglined: "The first American produced martial arts spectacular!"
• This legendary film is still considered the best "chopsocky" or "kickfest" (kung fu and martial arts) film ever made by an American studio (Warner Bros). It propelled Lee to major posthumous American stardom shortly after his tragic and mysterious death in July 1973 at the age of 32 - it was Lee's biggest US success and last fully-completed role.
• The popular, Hong Kong kung fu genre was catapulted to world-wide prominence in the 1970s with all four of Bruce Lee's martial-arts films, with spectacularly intense fight scenes. Unfortunately, many of them were dubbed and had poorly-contrived plots containing copy-cat James Bond elements.
• Bruce Lee's first two films were Fists of Fury (1971) and The Chinese Connection (1972). Lee's two best films were his last - released post-humously after he died at the young age of 32. His third film was The Way of the Dragon (1972), billed as Enter the Dragon's (1973) 'sequel' Return of the Dragon (1974) when it was released in the US in 1974. It was Lee's writing and directorial debut film, and the first Hong Kong action movie ever to be shot in the West.
• The film featured two tremendous fight scenes: (1) competition between Oharra and undercover agent Lee who displayed acrobatic fight skills, flip kicks and lightning fast punches, (2) an equally great fight scene (some in slo-mo) in an underground hall of mirrors between martial arts master Lee and crime/drug lord Han, who wore serrated knife blades in place of his detachable clawed iron hand.

The Exorcist (1973)
d. William Friedkin, 122/132 minutes, Warner Bros./Hoya Productions

• The Exorcist was notable for being one of the biggest box-office successes (and one of the first 'blockbusters' in film history, predating Jaws (1975)), and surpassing The Godfather (1972) as the biggest money-maker of its time (it eventually grossed 193ドル million domestically). And it remains one of the few horror films nominated for Best Picture.
• Warner Bros. had its first major hit with this sensational and shocking film about devil possession, an originally X-rated film that was released as an uncut 'R' rating which allowed minors to view the film if accompanied by an adult.
• The horror film masterpiece, the first major horror blockbuster, was one of the most opposed and talked-about films, especially during its pre-release time period. It became one of the most opposed films for its controversial content.
• Friedkin adapted William Peter Blatty's best-selling, 1971 blockbuster book about Satanic demon possession (based on a true-story of a 13 year-old Maryland boy in 1949), and created one of the most disturbing, frightening, shocking, and exploitative films ever made. It was about a young 12 year-old girl entering puberty and womanhood, who also became possessed.
• The landmark supernatural film encouraged the trend for big-budget horror films, other cheaply-made imitations - and more blockbusters. It was influential in creating knock-offs and a resurgence of films featuring demonic possession and evil children (i.e., Sharon's Baby (1975, UK), The Omen (1976), etc.), including its own series of sequels and prequels.
• Its controversial content included sensational, nauseating, and horrendous special effects (360 degree head-rotations, self-mutilation/masturbation with a crucifix, the projectile spewing of green puke, a mixture of split-pea soup and oatmeal, etc.), depictions of desecrations, vivid representations of evil, and intense scenes of exorcism (accompanied by blasphemies, obscenities and graphic physical shocks). One of the most controversial scenes was the long sequence of invasive medical testing performed on the hapless patient - criticized as medical pornography.
• The recognizable opening instrumental tune, titled Tubular Bells (by Mike Oldfield), eventually became a #1 single on the Billboard charts - and the first big seller for Virgin Records.
• The film was enormously popular with moviegoers at Christmas-time of 1973, but some portions of the viewing audience fled from theaters due to nausea, convulsions, fainting or sheer fright/anger (Headlines proclaimed: "The Exorcist nearly killed me!"), and it was reported that one patron in San Francisco literally attacked the screen in an attempt to kill the demon. Mass hysteria led to paramedics being called to some theatres, and others were picketed in protest.
• The film's showings also led to a reported increase in temporary spiritual possessions or psychoses by individuals, and an increase in requests for priests to exorcise everything from loved ones and pets to houses, neighborhoods and appliances.

Blazing Saddles (1974)
d. Mel Brooks, 93 minutes, Crossbow Productions/Warner Bros.

• The iconoclastic, not-politically-correct comedy was one of Mel Brooks' funniest, most successful and most popular films, and his first commercial hit. It was an unsubtle spoof or parody of all the cliches from the time-honored genre of westerns, similar to the comic attitude of numerous Marx Brothers films. It was the first in a series of satirizing parodies of classic movie genres (often as star, scripter and director).
• The crude, racist, lewd, raunchy, dated and sexist film with toilet humor and foul language included the main elements of any western - a dance-hall girl, a gunslinger, a sheriff, a town full of pure folk, and more, but it twisted them around. So they became a black sheriff, a racist town, a sex-obsessed Governor, and so forth. It told the story of the Waco Kid (Gene Wilder) and Black Bart (Cleavon Little) - a black sheriff recruited to clean up a white frontier town.
• The offensive, deliberately in-bad-taste film that made fun of racism was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Film Editing, Best Song (music by John Morris with lyrics by Mel Brooks), and Best Supporting Actress (Madeline Kahn) - without any wins.
• Its most memorable scene, now considered tame when compared to Dumb and Dumber (1994), was the bean-eating scene of gaseous cowboys around the campfire.
• In the absurdist finale, the action broke through the "fourth wall" into the WB studios, onto a film set with Buddy Bizarre (Dom DeLuise) directing a musical, then into the studio commissary for a pie fight, and onto the streets of Burbank and the landmark Grauman Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.

The Godfather, Part 2 (1974)
d. Francis Ford Coppola, 200/220 minutes, Paramount Pictures/Coppola Company

• Best Director-winning Francis Ford Coppola's critically-acclaimed, Best Picture-winning gangster epic sequel to The Godfather (1972) - considered the #1 gangster film of all time -- was actually a prequel (and a continuation story). It marked one of those rare instances in which the sequel was superior to the original film. It was both critically-respected and commercially successful as a grand and sweeping portrait of American gangsters.
• The three hour and twenty minute crime/gangster film was the second part of a planned Godfather Trilogy that continued the saga of the Corleone Family, serving as both a prologue and a sequel, extending over a period of 60 years and three generations.
• The film was creatively structured with two narrative lines, each at a different time and running parallel to each other. One story line was the continuation of the previous film's story line about successor godfather Michael Corleone (Al Pacino) and the crumbling of his empire, and the other consisted of flashbacks regarding the earlier history of the rise of Vito Corleone (Robert DeNiro).
• It became the first 'sequel' to win Best Picture (presented in 1975). It was the winner of 6 Oscars: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Supporting Actor (Robert DeNiro as the young Don Corleone), Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Art Direction, and Best Score Oscars.
• It would help launch the trend toward blockbuster sequels.

Jaws (1975)
d. Steven Spielberg, 124/130 minutes, Zanuck/Brown Productions, Universal Pictures

• Director Spielberg's blockbuster giant Great White Shark tale, a quintessential summer film and action/adventure/horror classic, was derived from the best-selling novel by Peter Benchley. Steven Spielberg's thriller was the first modern 'blockbuster' film to top the 100ドル million record in box-office business in North America (cruising past previous pace-setters Gone With the Wind (1939), The Sound of Music (1965) and The Godfather (1972)). It earned its 27 year-old director (and Universal Studios) a place in Hollywood by launching his career.
• In the story set in 1975, a popular Massachusetts seaside resort area known as Amity Island (fictional) was gearing up for the profitable summer tourist season beginning with the July 4th Independence Day weekend. The new chief of police from New York, Martin Brody (Roy Scheider), who was fearful of the water, had been called upon to investigate a brutal shark attack upon attractive blonde Chrissie Watkins (Susan Backlinie) in the film's gripping opening. In truly frightening, scary and surprising attacks on the New England coast, an unseen monstrous man-eater was preying on the unsuspecting inhabitants and vacationers alike.
• Brody was confronted by the eager Mayor Larry Vaughn (Murray Hamilton) and others to keep the town open. Three unlikely partners teamed up on a suspenseful 'fishing trip' to hunt down the rogue sea creature and destroy it: Chief of Police Brody, young university-educated marine oceanographer Matt Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss), and crusty, grizzled old-time fisherman Sam Quint (Robert Shaw) resembling the obsessed Ahab in the Moby Dick tale. In the climactic finale, the shark ended up pursuing Quint's boat, the Orca, and ultimately both Quint and the shark died bloody deaths and the boat was destroyed. Brody and Hooper were forced to assemble a makeshift raft and paddle back to Amity's shore.
• The killer shark film was memorable for its recognizable, Hitchcock-like theme song/score by John Williams, massive tie-in marketing, and its iconic poster. It was Williams' first famous film score, that cleverly tied the approach of the shark to the two-note instrumental theme. The production was troubled by a malfunctioning mechanical shark named Bruce, and shooting ran 100 days over schedule and was over-budget by double.
• The tagline for the tensely-paced film, "Don't go in the water," kept a lot of shark-hysterical ocean-swimmers and 1975 summer beachgoers wary and out of the ocean (similar to the effect that Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) had on shower-taking). "You're gonna need a bigger boat" was one of its most memorable quotes.
• One of the unfortunate consequences of the film was that it increased many negative stereotypes regarding sharks. Both Peter Benchley and Steven Spielberg later bemoaned the fact that the book and film hurt the shark population. The misguided film made the Great White Shark the aggressive antagonist (rather than humans), and helped to promote an increase in shark hunting (known as "The Jaws Effect"). At the time, the shark population markedly declined for awhile, and efforts at shark protection and conservation suffered.
• Part of Jaws' financial success was due to the fact that Hollywood preceded its summer release by three nights of 30 second-TV ads during prime time on all the networks - a massive TV marketing campaign costing 700,000ドル. It was also booked into 460 theatres for its opening weekend - a record! - making it one of the first major films to open in a nationwide-release throughout the country (another prominent film that also opened in wide-release was the independent film Billy Jack (1971)).
• The first-ever summer nationwide release with commercials was a new and revolutionary theory of movie marketing - a marketing blitz - a new business model that has become the standard for studio blockbusters. Eventually, the film earned box-office of 266ドル million (domestic) and 476ドル million (worldwide) - the highest-grossing movie in history at the time, on a budget of only 7ドル million.
• The film's tremendous success spurred Hollywood studios to aggressively look for further modern blockbusting, 'big-event' films that could break weekend box-office records - fueled by increasingly more expensive ad campaigns, and the film industry did so - with Star Wars (1977), Grease (1978), and Superman (1978) , while overlooking or neglecting smaller films. There were other exploitative imitators, knock-offs, copy-cats, and rip-off 'terror in the water' films almost too numerous to mention.
• Three inferior sequels included: Jaws 2 (1978), Jaws 3 (1983), and Jaws: The Revenge (1987), making it one of the earliest film franchises. Other films that rode on Jaws' coat-tails included Mako: The Jaws of Death (1976), Tintorera...Bloody Waters (1977), Orca (1977), Tentacles (1977), the Piranha films (1978, 1981, and 2010), Killer Fish (1979), Crocodile (1979), Anaconda (1997), the Peter Benchley-scripted NBC mini-series The Beast (1999), Lake Placid (1999), the effectively scary Deep Blue Sea (1999) [with a number of 'in-joke' homages that paid honor to the original, as well as a memorable shark chomping attack on Samuel L. Jackson], Open Water (2003), The Shallows (2016), the Sharknado series of TV movies (2013-2018), and The Meg (2018).
• On a lighter note, it also inspired spoofs and parodies, including the opening of Airplane! (1980) in which a jet's rear tail (like a shark fin) sliced through the clouds, and an oft-played skit on Saturday Night Live in which a shark disguised itself as a pizza and candy-gram delivery person to enter an apartment. It was also parodied or referenced in Top Secret! (1984), Clerks (1994), Swingers (1996), and The Simpsons TV show - among others.

Nashville (1975)
d. Robert Altman, 159 minutes, ABC/Paramount Pictures

• Maverick director/producer Robert Altman's low-budget, classic, multi-level, original, two and a half-hour epic study of American culture, show-business, leadership and politics was one of the great American films of the 1970s. In the ensemble film, Altman was cynically commenting upon the confused state of American society with its political emptiness and showy commercialism. The business of country-western music co-existed with the election campaign of an unseen, independent (populist) party candidate. It was a satirical film that commented upon religion, politics, sex, violence, and the materialistic culture.
• The multi-faceted, beautifully-structured film was an ensemble piece, a rich mosaic and a complex tapestry. Altman's specialty was the multi-character mosaic narrative that he had essentially invented and perfected. Nashville told the free-form, explosive tragic-comedic tale of the inter-twined (and colliding) lives of twenty-four protagonists during a five day (long weekend) period in Nashville, Tennessee (the "Athens of the South") - the capital of country music and a microcosmic representation of all society.
• Colorful characters, both performers and audience members in the mosaic-style film, converged in a massive traffic jam and were present during a violent assassination scene by the film's conclusion. Altman keenly observed the differing agendas of the characters - companionship and/or sex, a shot at stardom or political advancement, and musical aspirations, to name a few. His trademark mosaic narrative style of various stories interwoven and webbed together was also repeated with The Player (1992), Short Cuts (1993), and Gosford Park (2001). This style influenced other films, such as Boogie Nights (1997) and Paul Thomas Anderson's Magnolia (1999). Other examples of multi-stranded parallel story-telling include Traffic (2000), Crash (2005), and Babel (2006).
• The quirky film was shot in under 45 days, and was the first major release that had actors performing live in front of the camera during their song performances. The film received a notorious rave "preview" review from critic Pauline Kael (in The New Yorker) about four months before the film was completed after she viewed a rough-cut ("I've never before seen a movie I loved in quite this way"), and some accused her of breaching professionalism by promoting the film before its premiere in New York City.
• Hallmarks of Altman's aural and visual style were evident everywhere - overlapping dialogue, life-like improvised roles and ensemble acting, multiple means of communication to connect the characters (phone calls, tape recordings, radio and TV, and P.A. announcements), a continuously moving camera, long takes, and imaginative sound and film editing.
• It was one of a number of films in the late 60s and 70s that used country music as a backdrop, i.e., Bonnie and Clyde (1967), Five Easy Pieces (1970) , and Frankenheimer's I Walk the Line (1970) with five Johnny Cash tunes.

The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975, US/UK)
d. Jim Sharman, 100/98 minutes, 20th Century Fox/Michael White Productions

• Perhaps the most popular cult film of all time, this low-budget, campy horror rock musical from writer/director Jim Sharman initially bombed at the box-office. After its opening in London as a British musical stage play in June of 1973, and in Los Angeles in March of 1974, The Rocky Horror Show opened on Broadway in March of 1975. A film version of the original international stage hit, Jim Sharman's and 20th Century Fox's The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), was released in Los Angeles in September of 1975, and was a commercial failure. It was resurrected after a long run of midnight showings at the Waverly Theater in Greenwich Village beginning on April 1, 1976. The Rocky Horror Picture Show holds the record for the longest theatrical release in film history.
• Since then, it has achieved major cult film status, and has been considered the longest-running 'midnight movie' of all time. The film was revived as a multi-media, audience participatory experience and exploded as a worldwide phenomenon for many years.
• The strange tale was about a haunted house inhabited by transexual aliens. It followed a straightlaced, wholesome, newly-engaged couple, Brad Majors (Barry Bostwick in his feature film debut) and Janet Weiss (Susan Sarandon) who were forced to take refuge in a spooky mansion/castle on a rainy night when their car had a flat tire. The two were brought into a world of subversiveness by the bisexual host - the carnivorous "sweet transvestite from Transsexual, Transylvania" Dr. Frank N. Furter (Tim Curry), a mad scientist whose dream was to create the perfect man named Rocky "with blond hair and a tan."
• There were many wild, energetic song-and-dance numbers in this notorious midnight movie audience participation cult film, including the opening song Science Fiction/Double Feature sung by a giant pair of disembodied blood-red lips (voice of Richard O'Brien) - a tribute to Hollywood's B-horror films. The film was highlighted by lots of catchy, overtly-sexual songs-and-dances, such as the famous Time Warp ("It's just a jump to the left...") with unconventional dancers of all races and sizes, and crazed transvestite Dr. Frank N. Furter's campy introduction Sweet Transvestite.
• One of the longest-running films of all time, the bizarre film honored (and gently spoofed) the horror B-movies and science fiction genres of the past (RKO Pictures' King Kong (1933), Forbidden Planet (1956), The Wizard of Oz (1939), the Hercules films, The Day of the Triffids (1963), the classic "atomic age" sci-fi horror of the '50s, such as It Came From Outer Space (1953), and, of course, Frankenstein (1931)).
• The film was followed by a forgettable sequel, Shock Treatment (1981), and a successful musical revival on Broadway in 2000 featuring Joan Jett that ran for two years.

Annie Hall (1977)
d. Woody Allen, 93 minutes, Rollins-Joffe Productions/United Artists

• Writer/director auteur Woody Allen built his career around his own persona - a quirky, nerdy anti-hero who was nonetheless lovable. He started with an earlier series of five mostly silly, light-hearted cultural spoofs including Take the Money and Run (1969) , Bananas (1971) , Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex... (1972), and Love and Death (1975), take-offs of various film genres or books, often similar to the episodic Marx Brothers' films. Then, he had his breakthrough film after shifting to this semi-autobiographical, mature-themed, urban romantic comedy, with its similar follow-up film Manhattan (1979) . It was his most successful, deepest, self-reflexive, most elaborate and unified work up to that time, and one of his biggest hits.
• The film's more sensitive and realistic (still-comical) yet serious-minded tone about an intimate and emotional relationship appealed to all film-goers, not just Woody Allen cultists. It was the most representative film of neurotic New Yorker writer/director Woody Allen. Allen would make a name for himself with many more modern romantic comedies featuring struggles within relationships - the precursor of many TV show rom-coms.
• The romantic comedy was a quintessential masterpiece of priceless, witty and quotable one-liners within a matured, focused and thoughtful film. It was a bittersweet romantic comedy of modern contemporary love and urban relationships (a great successor to classic Hollywood films such as The Awful Truth (1937) and The Philadelphia Story (1940) ).
• The acclaimed romantic comedy with a stream of consciousness story about an unstable love affair, a marked departure from Allen's earlier slapstick-filled pictures, won the Best Picture honors over the special-effects, science-fiction blockbuster Star Wars (1977), and gave the director/star/writer two Oscars (Best Original Screenplay and Best Director). Woody Allen became the first director to win an Academy Award for a film he starred in. This was a rare feat for a comedy. From its five nominations, it lost only Allen's own Best Actor nomination.
• The film influenced fashion designers (with the masculine, androgynous "Annie Hall" look) and made Best Actress-winning Diane Keaton a new leading lady. The costuming of the title character -- dubbed the 'Annie Hall' look -- created a fashion craze.

Star Wars (1977) (aka Episode IV: A New Hope)
d. George Lucas, 121/125 minutes, LucasFilm/20th Century Fox

• George Lucas' space opera, made for 11ドル million, was released in theaters in mid-summer and grossed nearly 200ドル million on its first release, topping Jaws (1975) as the highest earning film to date. After adjusting for inflation, its US gross profit was second only to Gone with the Wind (1939) . Until Jaws (1975) and then Star Wars (1977) , the summer was typically Hollywood's slow season -- not true afterwards.
• Star Wars (1977) was nominated for ten Academy Awards (including Best Picture), and won in six (mostly technical) categories. It marked the first use of an animated 3-D wire-frame graphic, and extensively used CGI. It ultimately helped to resurrect the financial viability of the science-fiction genre, a category of films that was considered frivolous and unprofitable. The typical sci-fi film was no longer a cheap serial (Flash Gordon), monster movie, or kids TV show.
• Its exhilarating, action-paced computer-generated effects thrilled audiences. Many of the big-budget film's awe-inspiring and innovative special effects were produced at Lucas' ground-breaking, respected visual effects company ILM (Industrial Light & Magic) founded in 1975 - a leader in computer graphics (CGI). (Note: ILM was the original founder company of the animation studio Pixar.) The film was influential to a new generation of film-makers, including John Lasseter, James Cameron and many others. [It led to the first all CGI character in the form of Jar Jar Binks - an offshoot in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999) .]
• The phenomenal epic space opera generated a remarkable two sequels (for the original trilogy) and three prequels (in a second trilogy), and led to the equally-successful collaboration between Spielberg and Lucas for Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981). It created a massive dedicated fan-base for the first film - and all films following.
• It became one of the strongest cultural influences of recent times, converting an action-adventure film into a major, blockbusting marketing franchise. The astoundingly lucrative merchandising campaign associated with the film was truly revolutionary. It encouraged an entire marketing industry of Star Wars-related, tie-in items (i.e., toys, video games, novels, comics, TV series, novelty items at fast food restaurants, even video games, etc.).
• In a new approach to Hollywood film-making and merchandising, Lucas had wisely accepted only 175,000ドル as his writer's/director's fee in return for the much more lucrative forty percent of merchandising rights for his Star Wars Corporation. As a result, the merchandising rights have now become a major part of contract negotiations by the studios.
• Its story, themes, and tone were based upon Saturday afternoon matinees, serials, and comic strips, usually with cliff-hanging endings. It borrowed from many strands of cinema-arts: Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon comic book serials, previous sci-fi films, tales of medieval knights, the James Bond films, sorcerer and magic stories, samurai films (The Hidden Fortress (1958, Jp.)), westerns, swashbucklers, WWII action dogfight sequences, cliffhangers, hero tales, etc. It also featured two comical robotic droids that became justly famous and often imitated. It also popularized the phrase "May the Force be with you" into common usage.
• The film was also awarded with a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects for the creation of the alien, creature, and robot voices (Benjamin Burtt, Jr.), and it was the first feature film to be screened in Dolby Stereo.
• One of its negative influences was that it accelerated a trend towards special-effects-laden blockbuster films targeted at young people. This appealing film was criticized for encouraging a boom in spectacular (but sometimes drab) special-effects laden blockbusters (with thin plot lines) for decades after.

Halloween (1978)
d. John Carpenter, 91/101 minutes, Compass International Pictures/Falcon International Productions

• John Carpenter's low-budget (filmed in about 20 days), exploitative film officially began the teen slasher film cycle (and invented many of its film cliches), although it was dismissed at the time as schlock by most critics, until championed by the Village Voice and the 'Ebert & Siskel' Sneak Previews PBS-TV review show as a work of art.
• A genuinely scary, stylistic and tasteful, extremely well-crafted slasher/horror classic that influenced the film industry both thematically and artistically. Its main killer-protagonist was a faceless, masked murderer, portrayed as an evil incarnate bogeyman. However, it was NOT the first slasher movie - it was preceded by Black Christmas (1974) and The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) and a few others.
• Halloween grossed about 55ドル million (worldwide), and was a surprise hit - it was one of the most successful independent films ever made. Its influence could be seen in the Friday the 13th series, in the Nightmare on Elm Street series, in the Hellraiser films, and in the Scream entries in the genre.
• Throughout the manipulative, morbid film, the suspenseful stalkings and killings were seen from the subjective vantage point of the killer's or 'peeping tom's' eyes, a few times while looking through his mask. This technique literally placed audiences behind the cold and calm killer's mask - and almost inside his head, implicating them in the bloodlusting killings (and strangulations).
• Almost every scene was filmed with a constantly-moving camera (the Steadicam variety) to make the audience feel disordered, totally insecure, unsettled and paranoid, believing that every ominous corner, shadow, noise, or space was potentially life-threatening or dangerous and that everyone was a helpless victim of random violence.
• Its main heroine character was portrayed by Jamie Lee Curtis, the daughter of Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh (who had starred in one of the landmark horror films of all time, Psycho (1960)), who was following in their footsteps.
• The film set in motion the Puritanical, psycho-pathological principle that one's survival was directly proportional to one's sexual experience. It created the crude cliche that death followed or accompanied sex (as a way to sensationalize and publicize the nudity and sex-related violence). It also asserted the allegorical idea that sexual awakening often meant the literal 'death' of innocence (or oneself). This thematic assertion was carried through into the Friday the 13th series, adding the "virginal final girl" component.
• Halloween spawned numerous, often routine, imitative and mediocre sequels (seven sequels and remakes in 2007 and 2009), and ushered in a glut of other similarly gory, low-budget films (such as Prom Night (1980)) that perverted this horror/slasher genre.

(National Lampoon's) Animal House (1978)
d. John Landis, 109 minutes, Universal Pictures/Oregon Film Factory, Stage III Productions

• John Landis' wildly-successful, R-rated, gross-out frat-boy teen comedy featured unrefined humor. The low budget, coming-of-age film (at 2ドル.5 million) was about an anarchic, renegade, party-animal Delta House at fictitious Faber College (it was filmed on the campus of the University of Oregon over a period of almost 5 weeks), in conflict with the WASP-ish Omega House, and the college's establishment figure Dean Wormer (John Vernon).
• Landis was tapped as director - known for his controversial independent production of Kentucky Fried Movie (1977), a series of short, irreverent and tasteless sketches woven together.
• It was the first 100ドル million hit comedy, the highest-grossing film comedy at the time, and the 7th highest-grossing film of the 1970s. When adjusted for inflation, it stands as the 58th highest-grossing film of all time. Most traditional comedies at the time wouldn't deal so openly with sex, generational politics, or race.
• The low-brow guy movie was one of the earliest films to be targeted directly at the teenaged audience - and set the stage for further Hollywood films made just for that demographic. It ushered in a growing era of gross-out teen comedy. It is still memorialized for its dozen classic catch phrases and quotes, and memorable film sequences, such as Larry's "Angel vs. Devil" dialogue scene regarding his passed out date (Sarah Holcomb), and John Blutarsky (Bluto)'s 'Peeping Tom' scene outside a window viewing scantily-clad sorority girls.
• Fraternity "toga parties" re-emerged as a fad at colleges across America following the release of this film. The film substantially distorted the image of what the college-going experience was like. Annual college spring breaks, dedicated to partying, heavy drinking and carousing, also took off in high-gear after the film's release.
• It featured a new generation of stars, including John Belushi as slobbish Bluto, a Saturday Night Live comic at the time. He became a major male comedy film star - until his career was cut short by a drug overdose in 1982. He was the precursor of other SNL comics who followed in films (i.e., Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Bill Murray, Michael Myers, Will Ferrell, Tina Fey, etc.). Prior to Saturday Night Live's 1975 debut, the only two TV shows that managed to capture the youth market were American Bandstand and The Monkees.
• It set off a trend toward more feature films with the same subversive, crude, sexy hi-jinks, including the Porky's films (1982-1985), the Revenge of the Nerds (1984-1987), and the Police Academy series (1984-1989) - even the American Pie series (1999-2012), Old School (2003), and The Hangover films (2009-2013) owe a debt to Animal House.
• Major principals responsible for the film, producer Ivan Reitman, screenwriter Harold Ramis and director Landis went on to produce, direct and script films such as Caddyshack (1980), The Blues Brothers (1980), Stripes (1981), (National Lampoon's) Vacation (1983), Trading Places (1983), Ghostbusters (1984), Back to School (1986), Club Paradise (1986), and Groundhog Day (1993).

Superman: The Movie (1978, UK/US) (aka Superman)
d. Richard Donner, 143/127 minutes, Warner Bros./Dovemead Films/Film Export A.G.

• Director Richard Donner's first big blockbuster comic book adaptation movie was a major A-level Hollywood feature hit, grossing over 300ドル million (with a mega-budget of 55ドル million). It was a major production: from its casting (with prominent actors in supporting roles), to its soaring music, visual effects (making Superman fly realistically), and its record length end-titles (7 minutes).
• Its production occurred at the same time as Lucas' Star Wars (1977) and Spielberg's Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) - all films were credited with creating a new surging interest in sci-fi films.
• The film proved that Superman was more than a Saturday matinee serial or popular TV show. This was the first of four epic, superhero franchise films featuring comic-book hero Superman derived from the 1938 Action Comics character - not counting the latest film remakes. It was followed by three sequels - Superman II (1980), Superman III (1983) and Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987).
• Other comic book superhero franchises that later emerged owed their popularity to this film: the Batman series, the X-Men series, and the Spider-Man movies.
• Marlon Brando broke the 3ドル million mark for an actor's earnings, when he was reportedly paid a salary of 3ドル.7 million and over 11 percent of the gross (his total earnings were 14ドル million) for his 10-minute cameo appearance (shot over 12 days) as Jor-El, the title character's father. He also received top-billing (with Gene Hackman) over Christopher Reeve.
• Christopher Reeve was paid a salary of 250,000,ドル plus 25,000ドル a week -- it was one of the highest salaries paid to an unknown actor for a major feature film. He was selected from over 200 actors who tried out for the role.
• It was nominated for three Academy Awards (Best Film Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Original Score by John Williams), and received a Special Achievement Academy Award for its Visual Effects.
• It proved to be a major influence on this kind of film in the future, with its origin story, the fact that the first two films were shot back to back, and that the major superhero character had a dual personality. Director Richard Donner filmed both Superman (1978) and Superman II (1980) simultaneously, when Richard Lester was called upon to replace Donner and finish the second film.

Caligula (1979, It./US)
d. Tinto Brass, 156/148/102 minutes, Penthouse Films Int'l/Felix Cinematografica

• This lavish Roman-Empire epic (and biopic) was the last major attempt of its era to include graphic sexual content in a mainstream film. It was written by Gore Vidal and co-financed by adult-oriented Penthouse magazine's producer Bob Guccione (the magazine's sole feature film) as a tie-in to his publishing empire. It suffered a seriously-troubled production - the script underwent several re-writes after the director and cast found Gore Vidal's interpretation unsatisfactory (Vidal later disowned it and removed his name).
• The film's director Tinto Brass had only one major film in his resume, Salon Kitty (1976) about a German brothel used by the Nazis. Brass also disavowed the film when the producers added unsimulated hard-core sexual content (some with Penthouse Pets) without his knowledge.
• The audacious film advertised itself as "the most controversial film of the 20th century" - and was the most expensive pornographic film ever made. It provoked headlines for its graphic sexual content, when released in the US in 1980. Fearing an X rating, it was originally self-rated as MA (mature audiences only) and shown in a 156-minute version, then it was severely edited for an R-rating down to about 102 minutes, and also re-released in an 148-minute version.
• This was Hollywood's first big-budget (17ドル.5 million that later ballooned to 22ドル million), bizarre blockbuster sexploitation epic of 'classy' hardcore sex and gory violence - and it became both a critical and commercial disaster after a very limited theatrical release (due to fear of prosecution for obscenity). Caligula grossed 23ドル million at the box office, and was noted as the highest-grossing pornographic film ever produced independently.
• It was the first major motion picture that juxtaposed segments featuring respected, mainstream actors with scenes that were essentially pornographic. The objectionable film was originally intended to be high-art (although it turned out to be excessive cinematic sleaze), with major and notable stars (Malcolm McDowell as the infamous, crazed and corrupt Roman emperor, John Gielgud, Helen Mirren, Peter O'Toole), but was described as a "moral holocaust" by Variety and reviewers considered it worthless fantasy trash.
• This depraved movie, condemned as worthless fantasy trash, arrived just before the new conservatism that took place during the Reagan presidential administration and its subsequent Meese Commission Study of Pornography (finally published in mid-1986). It remains banned in some countries.
• Hollywood's recent attempts to sensationalize antiquity, which owe some debt to Caligula, have found their way into feature films (such as Gladiator (2000), Troy (2004), Alexander (2004), and 300 (2007), and cable TV shows (such as Rome (2005-2007), Game of Thrones (2011-9), and Spartacus (2010-2013)).